Barbotine is a mixture of liquid or semi-liquid clay, often referred to as "clay slurry," used in the art of ceramics. This material is employed to create sculptures, pottery, and various decorative objects.
The uniqueness of slip lies in its fluid texture, allowing ceramic artists to shape pieces with great precision and reproduce fine details.
The creation process involving slip typically entails pouring or applying this clay suspension into a mold or directly onto a surface. Once applied, the slip can be molded and sculpted before being fired to harden the material and give shape to the final object.
The slip technique is renowned for its ability to capture intricate details and nuances of nature. Pieces created with slip can depict fruits, flowers, or other elements of everyday life with striking realism.
The art of barbotine, also known as "barroco" in Portugal, has its roots in antiquity. The technique has evolved over the centuries, carried by the skilful hands of craftsmen throughout the world.
In France, Italy, Austria, and around the world, ceramic workshops showcase their skill and creativity, competing to present the most exquisite pieces using the slip technique.
In Portugal, this tradition thrives during the Renaissance, drawing inspiration from Moorish, Roman, and Iberian influences that have shaped the artistic landscape of the region.
The 19th century marks the pinnacle of slipware art in Portugal, witnessing the transition from the utilitarian nature of pottery to the recognition of artistic ceramics.
Thanks to the presence of clay-rich soils, the city of Caldas da Rainha becomes a major production center in Portugal with renowned workshops such as the Fábrica de Cerâmica das Caldas da Rainha and the Fábrica Bordallo Pinheiro.
These workshops then produce a wide range of slipware objects, from vases and figurines to azulejos (decorative tiles) and sculptures. In the city, there are no less than three museums dedicated to ceramics.
In modern times, the art of slipware continues to thrive in Portugal. After being somewhat overshadowed by global modern trends, slipware is resurfacing on our tables with renewed appeal.
Like a rediscovered gem, this ancient technique is once again captivating numerous contemporary artists, inspiring them to create original and innovative works. For instance, the Riveira collection designed by the prestigious French floral artist Christian Tortu highlights this art form and its remarkable details.
The art of slipware provides limitless creative freedom, allowing artists to express their imagination freely and create inspiring works.
Each piece of slipware is crafted by hand with passion and meticulous attention to detail. The manipulation of clay, precise sculpting, and delicate painting contribute to giving each creation its unique character.
From vases adorned with lush vines to sculptures of vibrant fruits, slipware indeed provides an infinite palette of artistic possibilities, seamlessly combining functionality and aesthetics to brighten interiors and enchant tables.
The forms of fruits and vegetables in slipware celebrate the beauty and diversity of nature, serving as a reminder of the significance of agriculture and the importance of environmental respect.
The figurines and sculptures, often depicting traditional characters, animals, and scenes from everyday life, remain a popular element of Portuguese craftsmanship.
Handmade tableware, often decorated with traditional motifs or original shapes.
Barbotine Dish - Luisa Paixão collection
Sardines or filleted sardines ? prepared with olive or sunflower oil ? Plain or in sauce ? What about vintage sardines? How to make your choice and be sure to discover the best canned sardines?
]]>It is challenging to differentiate frozen sardines from Morocco and fresh sardines from Portugal or Brittany.
The sardine has a rich history dating back to ancient times. Between 1200 and 300 BC, the Phoenicians engaged in extensive sardine fishing, preserving them in salt. Sardines were a common food for the Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans, enjoyed either fresh or preserved in salt barrels.
During the Middle Ages, sardines were a staple across Europe, and it was later discovered that they could be preserved in vinegar, olive oil, or melted butter. The process of appertized canning was pioneered by Nicolas Appert in 1795, but it wasn't until the second half of the 19th century, following various enhancements, that this preservation method became widespread.
In Portugal, the history of sardine preservation traces back to Vila Real de Santo António in 1865, where sterilization was first utilized in a tuna processing plant owned by the Ramirez company.
In 1950, there were more than 400 canneries throughout Portugal. Today, there are still 14 that stand out for the quality of their production due to the freshness of the sardines and the production methods that have remained artisanal.
In Portugal, the canneries are strategically clustered around six prominent fishing ports: Matosinhos, in proximity to Porto; Peniche, situated between Porto and Lisbon; Sesimbra and Setúbal, located to the south of Lisbon; and Portimão and Olhão in the southern part of Portugal.
All these canneries are positioned in close proximity to these ports and exclusively process exceptionally fresh sardines. Some of them operate without the need for cold storage facilities.
Importantly, there is no consideration given to utilizing frozen sardines from Morocco in this region. Moreover, given the inherent fatty nature of sardines, freezing is generally not a preferred method of preservation.
In an era where artisanal fishing contends with industrial practices, and dwindling species necessitate stricter quotas, amidst escalating international competition and the relentless pressure on prices demanding enhanced productivity... how does one discern the finest quality canned sardines?
The term "sardine" is frequently misapplied to refer to approximately twenty different types of small fish: sardinella, sardinops, sprats, anchovies, herrings, among others, each possessing distinct tastes and characteristics.
The authentic sardine is identified as "Sardina pilchardus" a species that inhabits coastal areas and forms occasionally dense schools, typically found between 10 and 50 meters beneath the surface.
The "Sardina pilchardus" is found in the Mediterranean but especially in the North Atlantic Ocean from Ireland to the Azores through France, Portugal and Morocco.
Presently, the challenge facing canneries that uphold a legacy of excellence lies in the scarcity of the "pilchardus" species and the subsequent reduction in fishing quotas.
The optimal time for catching Sardina pilchardus spans from early May to late October. Beyond these dates, the fish either lack sufficient fat content or are in a spawning period.
Hence, these canneries are entirely reliant on Portuguese fishing grounds and adamantly decline to seek alternative sources, mindful of the potential compromise in the quality of their production.
Upon returning from the fishing boats, the freshly caught sardines undergo scaling and gutting, followed by pre-cooking in oil or steam. Subsequently, the selected sardines are meticulously arranged into their cans by hand. The cans are then filled with high-quality olive oil and sealed through crimping.
All these procedures are executed manually, ensuring the meticulous selection, preparation, and placement of sardines in their cans. The automation of these processes, along with the utilization of frozen sardines, significantly diminishes the quality of the canned sardines in terms of both taste and texture.
The sardines undergo preparation before the cooking process, involving the removal of their heads, gutting, and the elimination of fins. All these tasks are performed manually and are reiterated post-cooking, just before the ultimate canning stage.
This meticulous approach ensures the preservation of the skin and bones. Some argue that this is crucial as it contributes to better-preserved sardine flavor and a higher calcium intake. Over the course of a few months, the skin and bones gradually diminish, nearly melding into the flesh.
However, some individuals find the inclusion of skin and bones unappealing. Consequently, there are canned sardine fillets available that are devoid of skin and bones.
These fillets are slightly pricier due to the more extensive handling involved, but they ensure that the can only contains the flesh of the sardine fillets.
Typically, the cans are designed to accommodate four sardines, precisely calibrated to fill the can completely. I recommend exploring the Portuguese "petingas" — smaller sardines arranged in sets of six within a can. While taste is subjective, I find them to be more flavorful and tender.
Gourmets assert that the finest canned sardines are those prepared in olive oil, specifically "trimmed in white," as it is the white belly of the sardine that is visually presented, appealing to the eye.
Others have a preference for sardines in vegetable oil. Ultimately, it comes down to personal taste. The fragrance of olive oil tends to blend with that of the sardine, whereas vegetable oil is believed to better preserve the authentic taste of the fish.
Gourmets highly recommend sardines preserved simply with olive oil, yet there are numerous other delectable preparations waiting to be explored.
Certainly, you can readily find canned sardines featuring a fillet or a slice of lemon, as well as options with a straightforward tomato sauce or spiced up with Portuguese piri-piri.
I also encourage you to explore sardine preserves known as "à l'escabèche," featuring a marinade crafted with oil, vinegar, bay leaves, parsley, tomato puree, and garlic. Additionally, there are preserves prepared with olive oil and curry, olive oil and red peppers, pepper, oregano, pickles, and more. These diverse options make for ideal variations to enhance your appetizer experience.
The current regulations naturally apply to canned sardines, and no vendor is permitted to sell canned goods beyond their use-by date. Typically, this deadline is set at around 2 years after the sardines are canned.
However, there is a unique characteristic to sardine cans – they tend to improve with age. Over time, an osmosis occurs between the fish and the oil. Some individuals even appreciate sardines after seven or eight years, often turning the cans over every six months (although this practice is unnecessary and stems from historical habits when cans were not completely filled). A truly exceptional can of sardines is one that has aged gracefully.
The term "vintage" sardines is essentially a marketing creation. In reality, it signifies that the canned sardines come from the same fishing season, a common practice for all canned sardines in Portugal.
Conversely, an industrial producer using frozen sardines from Morocco, all harvested during the same fishing season and frozen simultaneously, can label their production as "vintage sardines," a somewhat ironic twist.
Frequently, our customers request these so-called vintage sardines, often having encountered them at friends' homes or in restaurants. Unfortunately, we cannot sell canned sardines beyond their use-by date, even if they might improve with age, as it is prohibited by legislation. However, there's nothing preventing you from storing your preserves for a few years for a future tasting experience.
Sardines are an excellent source of proteins, serving as a vital energy source for the human body. While they contain 10 to 12% lipids, what sets them apart is the notably high proportion of Omega-3 fatty acids. These fatty acids play a crucial role in restoring the balance between Omega-6 and Omega-3 fatty acids, thereby reducing the risk of cardiovascular diseases.
In addition to proteins and Omega-3 fatty acids, sardines are rich in essential vitamins and nutrients. They provide a valuable source of calcium, phosphorus, and selenium, known for its antioxidant properties. Sardines also contain vitamin D and various B-group vitamins, including vitamin B3, which plays a role in regulating cholesterol and triglyceride levels.
The sardine, being a small fish positioned at the base of the food chain, does not accumulate various pollutants and is considered a non-bioaccumulative fish. This characteristic makes it a relatively low-risk option in terms of environmental pollutants.
Will canned sardines become a rare commodity? Consumers don't always realize when they open a can of sardines that this product may soon become a luxury item.
Within this town, a captivating legend unfolded involving a pilgrim and a rooster, eventually transforming into the emblem of the town and, consequently, the national symbol of Portugal. This iconic representation is widely recognized as the Rooster of Barcelos or Galo de Barcelos, also referred to as the Portuguese Rooster.
Located in the northernmost part of Portugal, within the former region of Minho, now part of the Braga district, is the city of Barcelos. Situated approximately 60 kilometers away, just an hour by train from Porto, Barcelos may be perceived as somewhat less alluring compared to Braga or Guimarães. Nevertheless, it stands as an essential city in the Minho region, deserving attention and exploration.
Barcelos traces its roots back to the 12th century, when D. Afonso Henriques bestowed upon it a charter, officially granting the status of a town. Subsequently, in 1298, D. Dinis elevated the town further by conferring the title of Count upon his steward, João Afonso, along with the ownership of Barcelos.
The town experienced a notable period of development in the 13th century, marked by the construction of a bridge and defensive wall. Notable architectural landmarks such as the Dukes' Palace (Paço dos Duques) and the Romanesque church (Igreja de Santa Maria Maior, Matriz de Barcelos) also took shape during this era, contributing to the rich historical heritage of the town.
In the present day, Barcelos continues to exude its medieval charm, with a landscape adorned by manors and historic houses, preserving a captivating atmosphere that reflects its centuries-old history.
The church features a remarkably understated and simple facade, creating a striking contrast with its Portuguese Baroque-style interior. The inner sanctum harmoniously blends paintings, sculptures, and azulejos, forming a captivating fusion of artistic elements.
Notably, the walls are entirely adorned with azulejos panels meticulously painted in 1713 by the master artist António de Oliveira Bernardes. The painted wooden coffered ceilings add to the visual splendor, showcasing intricate craftsmanship. Additionally, the presence of a canopy pulpit and elaborately carved gilded wooden altars further enhances the opulence and aesthetic appeal of the interior space.
Constructed in 1704, this Baroque church showcases a distinctive architectural style synonymous with northern Portugal, employing granite and limestone in its construction. The impressive structure is characterized by its octagonal plan, robust walls, and a substantial granite dome, measuring approximately 10 meters in diameter.
The church stands out for its remarkable features, including splendid 18th-century azulejos panels that adorn its interior. Additionally, the carved altars crafted from gilded wood, dating back to the 16th century, contribute to the church's historical and artistic significance, adding a layer of timeless elegance to the overall aesthetic.
Dating back to the 14th century, this medieval church presents an interior that captivates with its compelling interplay of architectural styles. The austere Romanesque design forms a stark contrast with the opulent elements of the 18th-century azulejos panels and the intricate, golden sculpted altars.
Beyond its architectural and artistic richness, the church's surroundings hold historical significance. In close proximity to the church stands the Pillar of Barcelos, erected by the pilgrim central to the legend of the Barcelos Rooster. This external feature adds an additional layer of cultural and historical context to the site.
The historic district of Barcelos is centered around the medieval bridge that spans the Rio Cavado, linking Barcelos and Barcelinhos. Especially enchanting at nightfall, this area is accentuated by beautiful lighting that enhances the atmospheric charm of the medieval surroundings.
Barcelos, along with Braga and Guimarães, stands as one of the three key cities in the historical Minho region. It serves as the birthplace of a vibrant and diverse popular culture, characterized by a persistent folklore and a distinctive craft industry. The renowned Barcelos Rooster is emblematic of this unique craftsmanship, representing the town's rich cultural heritage.
The weekly fair is a pivotal event that sets the rhythm of life in Barcelos, proudly declaring itself the craft capital. This longstanding tradition traces its roots back to 1412. Every Thursday, the town becomes a vibrant hub where a diverse array of popular crafts, including pottery, embroidery, weaving, basketry, woodcarving, and ironwork, converges. Additionally, the fair serves as a marketplace for fresh produce sourced from the region's gardens.
The Feira de Barcelos stands as one of the primary tourist attractions, serving as a wellspring of inspiration for poets, writers, and artists drawn to the lively tapestry of creativity and cultural exchange that unfolds within its bustling atmosphere.
The legend recounts a time when the people of Barcelos were troubled by an unresolved crime in their town. In an attempt to ease the concerns of the residents, authorities apprehended a pilgrim en route to Saint James of Compostela. Swiftly convicted, the pilgrim pleaded to be presented before the judge, who was enjoying a banquet with friends.
Maintaining his innocence, the pilgrim drew attention to a roasted rooster on the table, declaring, "My innocence is as unmistakable as the clear fact that this rooster will crow when you hang me."
Barcelos Rooster in Barcelos town - Credit Luisa Paixão
In a surprising turn of events, the seemingly impossible occurred! As the pilgrim faced the gallows, the roasted rooster, previously lifeless on the table, miraculously stood up and crowed. Startled by this extraordinary event, the judge hastened to the scaffold, promptly releasing the traveler and permitting him to resume his pilgrimage.
Years later, the pilgrim returned to Barcelos, deeply grateful for his unexpected reprieve. In gratitude, he erected a monument dedicated to Saint James and the Virgin. This pivotal moment gave rise to the enduring legend of the Barcelos Rooster, forever etching the tale into the town's rich cultural history.
The traditional Barcelos Rooster is a stylized ceramic rooster, black in color, with a red comb, blue feet, and wings adorned with hearts.
Today, a true Portuguese icon, the Barcelos Rooster is renowned for bringing luck and holds a prominent place in every Portuguese household.
The most renowned artists in Portugal, along with all artisans, have consistently expressed their creativity by reinventing this traditional symbol.
Joana Vasconcelos is a contemporary Portuguese artist based in Lisbon. She gained international recognition in 2005 when her sculpture, "The Bride," made a significant impact at the Venice Biennale. The attention garnered by this work marked a turning point in her career, showcasing her unique artistic vision.
In 2012, Joana Vasconcelos was invited as a guest artist at the Palace of Versailles for the Contemporary Art Exhibition. Her presence in such a prestigious venue demonstrated the appreciation for her innovative and thought-provoking approach to art.
Joana Vasconcelos is known for her ability to blend traditional Portuguese crafts with a modern, often monumental, artistic expression, contributing to her distinctive position in the contemporary art scene.
In 2016, Joana Vasconcelos presented "Pop Galo," a monumental artwork inspired by the iconic rooster of Barcelos. Demonstrating her unique artistic approach, Vasconcelos offered a contemporary reinterpretation of this traditional symbol.
The artwork skillfully combines the national tradition of handmade tile production with cutting-edge LED technology, showcasing a seamless blend of heritage and modernity. "Pop Galo" not only pays homage to the cultural legacy of the Barcelos Rooster but also reflects Vasconcelos' innovative use of materials and techniques in her artistic practice.
Júlia da Rocha Fernandes de Sousa, commonly recognized as Júlia Côta, hails from one of the esteemed families associated with Minho handicrafts. She holds the significant lineage as the granddaughter of João Domingos Côta da Rocha, often referred to as the father of the Rooster of Barcelos. This familial connection underscores her deep roots in the craft tradition of the region, contributing to her prominence in the realm of Minho handicrafts.
At the age of 83, Júlia Côta continues to mold clay, showcasing a lifelong dedication to her craft. Her creations have become integral components of private collections, finding homes across the globe. Júlia's works are not only sought after by collectors but are also featured in temporary exhibitions and retrospectives, attesting to the enduring appeal and artistic significance of her contributions to the world of ceramics. Her commitment to shaping clay has not only spanned decades but has also left a lasting legacy in the realm of contemporary ceramic art.
Today, nearly every ceramic workshop engages in the production of their version of the "Galo de Barcelos." Some workshops choose to replicate the original rooster with differing levels of craftsmanship, while others opt for reinterpretation, infusing the traditional symbol with a more modern and contemporary aesthetic.
This diversity in approaches highlights the enduring popularity and adaptability of the Barcelos Rooster, as it continues to be a source of inspiration for artists and artisans alike, evolving with the times while maintaining its cultural and artistic significance.
In contemporary times, the Portuguese tradition, particularly the iconic Galo de Barcelos, serves as a wellspring of inspiration for numerous young artists in Portugal.
The cultural and artistic significance of this symbol resonates with the creative minds of the newer generation, leading to a reimagining and reinterpretation of the traditional motif. The Galo de Barcelos has become a canvas for artistic expression, reflecting the enduring influence of Portugal's rich heritage on the vibrant and evolving landscape of the country's art scene.
By traversing Portugal, especially the northern region, we have assembled the most extensive collection of Barcelos Roosters available for sale.
]]>Portugal, renowned for its stunning landscapes and rich heritage, offers another unique treasure in its cultural tapestry: Fado. More than just a musical genre, Fado serves as an expression of the Portuguese soul, encapsulating the essence of the country. It weaves a melody that echoes the famous Portuguese sentiment of "saudade" – a complex emotion embodying nostalgia, bittersweet sadness, and a universal yet distinctly Portuguese melancholy.
In this article, we delve into the enchanting realm of Fado, exploring its history, meaning, and profound influence on Portuguese culture. Join us on a journey to unravel the deep connections between this musical tradition and the very heart of Portugal.
Fado boasts mysterious origins that trace back to the early 19th century. The name itself is derived from the Latin word "fatum," signifying fate or destiny. This evocative music genre originated in the working-class districts of Lisbon, particularly the narrow streets of Alfama and Mouraria. In these communities, Fado served as a poignant means of expression for the working classes and sailors, allowing them to convey their sorrows, hopes, and dreams through song.
The haunting melodies of Fado emerged as a reflection of the shared human experiences within these close-knit communities, shaping the cultural identity of Portugal.
Fado, with its ability to capture the profoundest human emotions, has evolved over the years from a local expression to a pivotal element of Portuguese national culture. Its significance was globally recognized in 2011 when Fado was inscribed on UNESCO's Intangible Cultural Heritage List, highlighting its importance as a key component of world culture.
Despite its rich history, Fado remains dynamic, embracing new musical influences while steadfastly preserving its core essence. This adaptability ensures that Fado not only endures as a cherished tradition in Portugal but also continues to resonate with audiences worldwide, transcending cultural boundaries.
Fado is performed by singers called "fadistas", accompanied by Portuguese and classical guitars.
What distinguishes Fado is its distinctive melancholic mood, poignant lyrics, and unparalleled ability to convey the deepest emotions. The thematic scope of Fado lyrics often encompasses love, loss, nostalgia, the sea, everyday life, and the quintessential Portuguese sentiment of saudade.
Fadistas, the singers of Fado, express their pain and joy with both their voices and gestures, creating an intense and emotional atmosphere. These artists have the remarkable ability to captivate entire generations, elevating Fado to new heights and ensuring its enduring appeal. Through their performances, Fadistas connect with audiences on a profound level, making Fado not just a musical genre but a powerful means of shared expression and cultural identity.
Fado has given rise to iconic figures, and among them, Amália Rodrigues holds a special place. Often referred to as "the Queen of Fado," Rodrigues' captivating voice and impassioned interpretations played a pivotal role in propelling Fado onto the international stage.
Her profound connection to the music, combined with her exceptional talent, established Amália Rodrigues as a legendary figure in the world of Fado, leaving an indelible mark on the genre and solidifying her legacy as one of its most influential and celebrated artists.
Carlos do Carmo is indeed another revered figure in the world of Fado. His contributions have been instrumental in popularizing and sustaining the genre across decades.
An influential singer and interpreter of Fado, Carlos do Carmo's dedication to the art form has left a lasting impact on its evolution and continued relevance. His commitment to preserving the essence of Fado, coupled with his unique talent, has cemented his status as one of the great names associated with this deeply cherished Portuguese musical tradition.
Ana Moura, a highly regarded artist, stands out as a prominent figure in the modernization of Fado while maintaining a strong connection to its roots. Her contemporary style and bold approach have added a fresh perspective to the genre.
Ana Moura represents the next generation of Fado, contributing to its evolution and introducing it to new audiences. Her ability to infuse traditional Fado with modern elements showcases the genre's adaptability and enduring appeal, ensuring its relevance for future generations. Ana Moura's innovative spirit exemplifies the ongoing vitality and evolution of Fado in the contemporary music landscape.
Today, Fado continues to live and evolve, while remaining deeply rooted in Portuguese culture.
Indeed, younger generations of fadistas are embracing experimentation, incorporating a diverse range of musical influences into Fado. Elements of jazz, classical music, and even rock are finding their way into the traditional Fado repertoire. This subtle fusion not only broadens Fado's appeal to a more diverse audience but also adds a contemporary flair to the genre.
While these innovations bring a modern touch to Fado, they are carefully balanced to preserve the essence and melancholic soul that define this unique musical tradition. The ability of younger fadistas to infuse Fado with varied influences showcases the genre's adaptability, ensuring its continued relevance and resonance with evolving musical tastes.
Much more than a musical genre, Fado is an integral part of Portuguese culture, a profound expression of the people's soul. It embodies the saudade, melancholy and authenticity of Portugal.
If you visit Lisbon, don't miss the opportunity to attend a Fado performance in a "fado house". Fado is Portugal in music.
From the significance of the color of underwear to bold actions like standing on a chair with the right foot, these rituals are deeply rooted in Portuguese culture, embodying the collective desire for good fortune and positive outcomes in the year to come.
Join us as we explore some of the most enduring superstitions observed on New Year's Eve in Portugal.
New Year's Eve in Portugal carries a touch of magic, beginning with a special tradition: the choice of underwear. It is customary for the Portuguese to welcome the new year wearing new colored underwear, with blue being the preferred hue.
The act of donning fresh undergarments, especially in the auspicious color of blue, symbolizes a desire for renewal, good fortune, and positive energies as they embark on the journey of a new year.
This tradition is a delightful and symbolic way for people in Portugal to set the tone for a fresh start and hopeful beginnings.
As the clock strikes midnight, a beloved tradition unfolds in Portugal: the New Year's Eve ritual of eating twelve raisins. With each raisin consumed in sync with the twelve strokes of midnight, this practice symbolically represents the twelve months of the approaching year. The act is believed to usher in prosperity and happiness for each month, making it a cherished and symbolic way for the Portuguese to greet the New Year.
This ritual, marked by the rhythmic consumption of raisins, adds a delightful and communal aspect to the New Year's Eve celebration in Portugal.
A curious and symbolic custom observed by many Portuguese during the transition to the New Year is the act of climbing onto a chair with the right foot at midnight. This gesture is believed to represent taking a step toward a year filled with luck and success. It is a superstitious practice that adds an element of lightheartedness to the New Year's Eve celebration, as individuals in Portugal engage in this act with the hope that it will set a positive and fortunate tone for the coming year.
The blend of tradition and superstition makes this quirky ritual a unique and playful part of Portuguese New Year's festivities.
As the clock strikes midnight on New Year's Eve in Portugal, a lively and festive tradition takes center stage: the joyful cacophony created by the clattering of pots and pans. This exuberant noise-making ritual extends beyond mere celebration; it is deeply rooted in the belief that the tumultuous sounds serve as a deterrent to evil spirits and negative energies.
The act of making noise is seen as a symbolic gesture to ward off any lingering malevolent influences, ensuring a fresh and positive start to the New Year. By engaging in this spirited tradition, the Portuguese express their collective intent to chase away negativity and welcome the coming year with optimism, joy, and a vibrant burst of sound.
The enduring customs passed down from generation to generation stand as a testament to the profound belief of the Portuguese people in their ability to positively influence their destiny. As families gather to welcome the New Year, these superstitions add a special and meaningful dimension to the celebrations.
Whether these rituals are observed with unwavering conviction or embraced for the joy they bring, they undeniably contribute to creating a unique and hopeful atmosphere for the year ahead.
As Portugal prepares to welcome new year, the blend of optimism, tradition, and a touch of magic reflects the cultural richness and collective spirit that define the New Year celebrations in this enchanting country. May the coming year be filled with joy, prosperity, and positive energy for all.
]]>Do you love Portugal and want to share your interest with friends and family? Are you nostalgic for Portugal and want to recall its atmosphere, colors and tastes? Or are you simply curious and looking for an original gift?
The Luisa Paixão boutique is brimming with Portuguese treasures, always authentic, often modern and always conveying values or history.
ℹ If you'd like to discover our selection of authentic Portuguese Christmas gifts, click on this link.
A gift box is often the ideal way to showcase a particular aspect of Portugal. The boxes are made up of authentic Portuguese products which, when put together, evoke a Portuguese region or city, a tradition or a color.
Gourmet baskets to enjoy with friends or family, culinary preparation kits for the famous Pasteis de Nata, discovery kits for Portuguese preserves... Everything is at your fingertips, for 4-5 days delivery in the USA if you wish.
Portuguese Gourmet gift bag - Luisa Paixão collection
Azulejos, ceramic swallows, Barcelos rooster... Portugal's icons are also presented in different gift boxes.
Azulejos I Portuguese gift bag - Luisa Paixão collection
The blue of the Portuguese sky, the green of its forests, the turquoise of the waters of the Sierra d'Arrabida, the brilliant yellow of the sun are all opportunities to offer a gift box in the colors of Portugal.
Looking for the emotions of Lisbon or Porto, the Algarve, Madeira or the Alentejo? Our gift boxes are the perfect way to remember or discover the diversity of Portugal's regions.
Portugal is brimming with unusual objects that can't be found elsewhere, and our store is patiently collecting them one by one, so that as many people as possible can discover them.
Ceramic rooster figurine in bright colors, symbol of Portugal, subject of a legend still told to children and supposed to bring luck and prosperity.
Initiated in the 19th century by Bordalho Pinheiro, still alive today and often very modern when taken out of its traditional context.
ℹ If you'd like to discover our full selection of unusual Portuguese gifts, click on this link.
are an emblematic decorative element in Portugal. We asked an outstanding craftsman whose trade is restoring antique azulejos to produce exact replicas of 18th-century Portuguese azulejos.
A centuries-old Portuguese tradition now in danger of disappearing, it requires such expertise, experience and hard work.
Unique kitchen utensils used to prepare dishes that are mainly eaten in the Algarve.
And its incomparable pieces in fused glass combine tradition and modernity.
With a small budget, you can also offer small, inexpensive but authentic objects to give you a real feel for Portugal.
Handcrafted with the utmost care and undeniably reminiscent of Portugal.
From one of Caldas da Rainha's finest traditional ceramics workshops.
Renowned the world over for their quality and fragrance.
Their incomparable quality also makes them a small gift to be used every day.
Portuguese street photographer we met when he was still a student at the Beaux-arts.
If you don't know the recipient's tastes well, or if you're too late in making your choice, gift cards can be used for all products in the store for a period of one year.
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We tell you the legend of the Portuguese Bolo Rei.
If we know the "galette des Rois" in France as a flaky pastry cake filled with frangipane or applesauce, it also exists, especially in Occitania and Provence in the form of a brioche crown decorated with candied fruits and dried fruits. It is the Kings' cake.
This version of the Epiphany dessert would be a representation of the gifts of the Kings presented to Jesus. Thus, the dough would represent gold, the candied fruits, myrrh and the orange blossom found in the dough would be a reminder of incense.
And what about the bean? According to legend, when the Three Wise Men saw the star announcing the birth of Jesus, they argued over which of the three would have the honor of being the first to give his gift to the child. To draw lots fairly, they would have asked a baker to bake a cake and hide a dry bean inside so that the one who found it would be the first. Even today, the tradition is that the one who finds the bean is the one who offers the cake the following year.
If the Christian legend is the most common explanation of the Kings' cake in Christian countries, historical traces of this cake have been found dating back to Roman times.
Your Portuguese Bolo Rei can be presented at the table in a beautiful dish inspired by the Portuguese azulejos
or in a simple, authentic Portuguese white dish.
It would seem that Christians did not quite invent the Kings' cake, since traces of a very similar cake can be found in Roman culture.
In December, a week before the winter solstice, the Romans used to celebrate the god Saturn during the Saturnalia. This marked the end of the lengthening of the nights and the period of famine.
On the occasion of these great popular celebrations, social barriers disappeared and meals were shared between masters and slaves while exchanging gifts.
A round cake was made to decorate the banquets, filled with figs, dates and honey. It was divided into equal parts between the masters and the slaves. Inside the cake a bean was inserted and the one who was lucky enough to find it in the share he received was named "king" for a day.
To counter this pagan festival, the Christians decided to appropriate the Kings' cake and integrate it into their celebrations.
The Kings' Cake in Portugal is traditionally eaten as a dessert. It goes perfectly with a Portuguese tea or coffee.
The Portuguese "Bolo Rei" comes from the French recipe of the Kings' cake. It would have appeared in Portugal, precisely in Lisbon in 1870. The recipe was brought from France by Balthazar Rodrigues Castanheiro Júnior.
After working in a French pastry shop where he discovered the Kings' cake, he returned to Portugal and decided to adapt the recipe in his family pastry shop in Lisbon, very famous, opened by his father in 1829.
It is the "Confeitaria Nacional" which still exists today, in the Rossio square. The recipe is a bit adapted, but it is very successful and the concept is sold all over the country.
In recent years, the "Bolo Rainha" (Queen's Cake) has appeared, a version without candied fruit, but with dried fruit.
In France, as in Portugal, when the monarchy was abolished, the existence of the Kings' cake was put in danger. In France, it took the name of "gâteau des Sans-culottes" for a while. In Portugal, it was called "national cake" or "Christmas cake".
Now that you know the history of the Bolo Rei, all you have to do is bake one for your family or friends. For this purpose, we have translated the original recipe as well as those of the 13 most famous Portuguese desserts.
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The cities are decked out in millions of bright lights and several Christmas markets put you in a festive mood.
The Christmas markets ("Mercados de Natal" in Portuguese) are an opportunity to meet craftsmen, designers, producers and shopkeepers at the heart of their trade, in a festive and warm atmosphere. The Christmas stalls offer visitors the opportunity to give Portuguese Christmas gifts, made from the country's authentic crafts.
Discover our recommendations for visiting the most beautiful Christmas markets in Lisbon and Porto.
Lisbon's nightlife takes on a special sparkle at this time of year, with colourful lights all over the historic centre and on its main streets and avenues.
In addition, Lisbon's special Christmas programme is packed with exhibitions, shows and other free activities organised by the city.
Christmas lights - Lisbon 2021
The inauguration of the Christmas lights usually takes place between the last days of November and the beginning of December, on a Friday or Saturday. It is the most awaited moment for locals and tourists alike.
Here is a non-exhaustive list of Portuguese Christmas markets that you can visit throughout the month of December.
Located in the Eduardo VII Park, at the very top of Avenida de la Libertad, you can't miss it thanks to its big wheel. It is probably the biggest and most beautiful Christmas market in the city.
Wonderland Lisboa has many attractions for children and adults alike. The most eye-catching one is the Ferris wheel. During the weekend you may have to queue for a few minutes, but we guarantee that the view from the top is worth it!
More than 40 creative craftsmen will be there to help you buy beautiful and authentic Christmas gifts. You will find typical Portuguese jewellery as well as Portuguese textile crafts.
Natalis is a Christmas market that takes place in a covered area for the more chilly, at the Feira Internacional de Lisboa, Rua do Bojador.
Sintra, less than an hour from Lisbon by train or car, is a magical town in normal times. During the festive season, it holds a market and entertainment that makes it a favourite place for Lisboners.
The "Mercado do Reino de Natal" in Sintra offers its inhabitants and visitors a magical journey to the heart of the Portuguese Christmas.
You will be able to enjoy a fantastic night-time stroll through the Christmas lights with more than six hundred thousand lights. The Botanical Garden (Parque da Liberdade) will be the place to be for the little ones, while the main square in the city centre (Largo Rainha Dona Amélia) will host Portuguese producers and craftsmen offering their most authentic Christmas gifts.
The Christmas markets in Porto are the best way to find original gifts. You will find sweets and bakery products, cheeses and sausages, dried fruits and nuts, spices and herbs, honey and jams, wines and liqueurs, clothes and shoes, gloves and scarves, toys and dolls, table textiles, works of art and even figurines to adorn the cot and colour your home with the magic of Christmas. All in illuminated and decorated markets, to get you in the Christmas spirit.
On the Praça da Batalha there is a year-round craft market and at Christmas craftsmen and small producers present the most typical Portuguese products in pretty wooden huts.
You will find original Christmas gifts such as dolls, wooden toys, filigree jewellery, hats and scarves made of Portuguese wool. But this market will also offer you the opportunity to taste many regional delicacies: honey, jams, cheeses, sausages, port, preserves and dried fruits.
The second Christmas market in Porto is located in Avenida D. Afonso Henriques. It is the traditional arts and crafts market entirely dedicated to Portuguese handicrafts.
Located near the São Bento train station, this market, organised by the Santa Clara Association, offers a wide variety of Portuguese products and handicrafts. Ceramics, wool, linen, wood, leather, traditional Portuguese toys and games, handmade soaps, cloth dolls and homemade liquors are just some of the items that will be found on Santa's stalls.
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From the north to the south of the country, traditions differ and everyone brings home rituals that are more or less ancient, in memory of their heritage. "Presépios", "Madeiros de Natal", "Missa do galo", and many others.
"Christmas" in Portuguese is called "Natal". Christmas celebrations in Portugal start to be prepared as soon as All Saints' Day is over. It is a highly anticipated moment in the year, both for children and adults.
In this blog post we tell you everything you need to know about Christmas traditions in Portugal.
Just over a month before Christmas, cities light up. The inauguration of the Christmas lights in Lisbon usually takes place around November 15th.
It is an opportunity to marvel at the decorations placed in the streets and the trees, each one higher than the next, erected by the municipalities.
Today, in an effort to respect nature, natural trees have almost disappeared from Portuguese cities and are replaced by steel structures.
The end of November is also the time when the windows of bakeries and pastry shops are filled with the famous 13 Christmas desserts. Bolo Rei, Bolo da Rainha, Pudim de Ovos, Baba de Camelo, Bola de Berlim... are already available.
If you want to make these desserts yourself, take advantage of our blog post, we have collected them. Click on the picture below.
This is also the time when parishes or municipalities put up the famous Portuguese nativity scenes called "Presépios".
In Portugal, the cot is set up at the beginning of Advent, without the figure of the baby Jesus, which is only placed on Christmas Eve. Then the cot is taken down on the day of the Three Kings.
The tradition of the cot is still very present in Portuguese homes and artists are still inspired by it to create iconoclastic works like Julia Côta.
But in Portugal there are places that take nativity scenes to a whole new level. The cot in Vila Real de Santo António breaks its own record every year.
In the last edition, the cot had more than 5,600 figures, laid out on 20 tons of sand, 4 tons of stone, 3 tons of cork on a surface of 230 m², which required more than 2,500 hours of work.
In mid-November, the cities light up and the first Christmas markets open with stalls full of handicrafts. If you want to know more about the most beautiful Christmas markets in Lisbon and Porto, check out our dedicated blog post or click on the photo below.
As for the Christmas tree "Árvore de Natal" or "Pinheiro", it has not been part of the Portuguese tradition for very long and it is not necessarily adopted in all homes.
In Lisbon, it is more likely to be the pine tree that is used as a Christmas tree. Less bushy and less majestic than its cousin, it is one of the most widespread trees in Portugal and therefore easily available for sale.
In the capital and in Porto, every year, it is the firemen who sell Christmas trees. The "Pinheiro Bombeiro" (firemen's tree) is made by pruning the surrounding forests. This pruning is done annually in winter to maintain the forests and prevent summer fires.
A Árvore e o seu Zingamocho - Luisa Paixão collection
Although the Christmas tree is not the oldest custom in Portugal, the city of Viana do Castelo, in the north of Portugal, nevertheless makes a point of displaying the largest natural Christmas tree in Europe every year.
Similarly, in Guimarães, a procession traditionally takes place on 29 November to erect the Christmas tree in the central square, cut down at dawn.
Christmas Eve is called "Consoada" in Portuguese. The traditions are similar to those found in most places where Christmas is celebrated.
It was customary in the Catholic religion to fast on 24 December until the evening. Although this tradition has been lost over time, in Portugal Christmas Eve dinner is very simple.
The meal consists of cod served with potatoes and cabbage. The table is nicely decorated with candles and small typical Christmas decorations.
After the meal, the Midnight Mass, the "Missa do Galo" (Rooster Mass) is held.
After the mass, in the north and centre of Portugal, large bonfires are lit in front of the church or in the central square of the town. These fires are called "Madeiros de Natal" or "Fogueiras do Galo".
This is a very old tradition of pagan origin, which has spread to certain regions of Europe. In south of France, this custom is also known as "Cacho fio".
After the mass, the families return to their homes where they enjoy the famous 13 desserts, a reminder of the 12 apostles and Jesus at the Last Supper.
In the meantime, the "Menino Jesus" (Little Jesus) has brought the Christmas presents to the dinner table. The gifts are then exchanged around a table full of joy.
On Christmas Day, December 25, the family gathers again at the Christmas table. This time, the dishes are hearty and elaborate. The dishes include oven-roasted kid "cabrito assado", "Leitão assado", roast suckling pig or turkey stuffed with chestnuts.
If you would like to discover the main recipes for Christmas dishes in Portugal, see our blog post dedicated to them.
In the days that follow, the Portuguese houses remain open to welcome all distant family and friends. It is customary to leave a table always covered with the 13 Portuguese desserts to welcome visitors.
]]>Portugal, nestled along the Atlantic, has consistently charmed travelers with its allure. A destination that caters to diverse interests, it offers breathtaking scenery, a rich historical tapestry, and a warm and inviting culture, making it a delight for dreamers.
From heavenly beaches to historic cities and mountainous landscapes, Portugal unveils a trove of hidden gems, promising an authentic and unforgettable experience for those eager to explore its wonders.
For anyone planning a trip, these destinations are not to be overlooked. Prepare to be captivated by the unexpected beauty and richness that Portugal has to offer, ensuring a journey filled with awe and delightful discoveries.
Portugal boasts several pristine nature parks, each offering breathtaking scenery and remarkable biodiversity. Journeying towards the northern regions, the Peneda-Gerês National Park stands out as a true gem, situated just over two hours from Porto on the border with Spain.
This natural reserve is a marvel of nature, adorned with sparkling waterfalls, serene lakes, and majestic mountains. The Peneda-Gerês National Park provides a tranquil and immersive experience for nature enthusiasts, inviting them to explore its unspoiled landscapes and discover the diverse flora and fauna that call this region home.
For enthusiasts of hiking, refreshing swims in crystal-clear waters, and the exploration of local fauna, the Peneda-Gerês National Park offers an idyllic natural setting.
With its well-maintained trails, inviting water bodies, and diverse wildlife, the park provides an ideal backdrop for outdoor activities and nature exploration. Whether meandering through scenic paths, taking a dip in pristine waters, or observing the local wildlife, visitors to this national park are sure to find delight in the unspoiled beauty and natural wonders that characterize this enchanting part of Portugal.
Continuing southward towards Lisbon, your journey leads you to the Serra da Estrela and Serra da Arrábida nature parks, each presenting distinctive and memorable landscapes that are sure to captivate your imagination. From lush, verdant valleys to dramatic cliffs that gaze out over the ocean, these parks offer a diverse range of breathtaking scenery.
Traversing the road between Porto and Lisbon, away from the hustle and bustle of the metropolises, you'll encounter a multitude of picturesque villages and towns that seem frozen in time. In these authentic locales, cobbled streets wind through stone mansions and architectural gems, each bearing witness to a timeless cultural richness.
The charm of these places lies in their preservation of traditions, inviting travelers to step into a bygone era and experience the genuine beauty of Portugal's historical and cultural heritage.
Évora, a true gem along the route, is not to be missed. This historic city boasts the 2nd-century Temple of Diana, a remarkable vestige of antiquity. The temple stands as a testament to Évora's rich heritage and its significance as a city with deep historical roots.
As you explore the cobbled streets of Évora, the Temple of Diana stands as a captivating reminder of Portugal's ancient past, inviting visitors to immerse themselves in the architectural and cultural legacy of this enchanting city.
Óbidos, an enchanting little town surrounded by well-preserved medieval walls, exists in a time-honored setting that seems to have defied the passage of centuries. The town's medieval charm is evident in its narrow cobbled streets, historic architecture, and the protective embrace of the surrounding walls.
As visitors wander through Óbidos, they are transported to a bygone era, experiencing the magic and allure of a town that has retained its medieval character, making it a captivating destination for those seeking a step back in time in the heart of Portugal.
Echoing the past, Tomar, a town emblematic of the Templar era, unveils the legacy of a castle constructed in the 12th century under the direction of the Order's master in Portugal.
The historical significance of Tomar is deeply entwined with the Templars, and the castle serves as a tangible link to this medieval period. As visitors explore Tomar, they can immerse themselves in the rich history and architectural marvels that stand as a testament to the Templar legacy in Portugal.
Sintra, nestled in the hills near Lisbon, is a village renowned for its enchanting character, with the Pena National Palace as its crowning jewel. This fairytale-like building, adorned with pastel hues and eccentric architecture, captures the imagination of all who visit.
The Pena National Palace stands as a testament to the romantic and whimsical spirit of the 19th century, showcasing a blend of architectural styles that contribute to its unique and captivating allure.
Sintra, with its magical landscapes and architectural wonders, offers a journey into a world of fantasy and beauty just a short distance from the vibrant city of Lisbon.
Indeed, the destinations mentioned are just a glimpse of the many treasures that invite travelers to embark on a captivating journey through Portuguese history and culture.
From the pristine nature parks to the picturesque villages frozen in time, each place unfolds a unique chapter in Portugal's rich tapestry. Whether exploring ancient temples, medieval castles, or fairytale palaces, the country reveals a diverse and enchanting array of experiences, inviting visitors to immerse themselves in the beauty and heritage that make Portugal a truly remarkable destination.
Lisbon, the capital of Portugal, boasts a captivating blend of ancient and modern architecture, vibrant streets, and stunning viewpoints known as "miradouros." These elevated vantage points, scattered across the city, provide access to breathtaking views of the colorful rooftops, the glistening Tagus River, and the surrounding hills.
The miradouros offer a unique perspective on Lisbon's landscape, creating opportunities for residents and visitors alike to appreciate the city's beauty from various angles, and to soak in the rich history and dynamic energy that characterize Portugal's capital.
For the more daring, a climb to one of Lisbon's highest peaks leads to the Miradouro da Senhora do Monte. From up there, the panorama of the city is unrivalled.
Alfama, one of Lisbon's oldest districts, hides two treasures: the Miradouro de Santa Luzia and the Miradouro das Portas do Sol.
These magical corners invite you to capture resplendent sunsets while enjoying a refreshing drink.
Leaving Lisbon and crossing the iconic April 25th bridge, the landscape undergoes a transformation, revealing sandy beaches bordered by crystal-clear waters. Just a short distance from the capital, Comporta unfolds with its pristine beaches and endless dunes stretching as far as the eye can see.
This coastal haven exudes tranquility, where every corner of the beach radiates a laid-back and festive atmosphere. Comporta's unspoiled beauty invites visitors to immerse themselves in the serenity of nature, creating a perfect retreat for relaxation and enjoyment.
Continuing southward, you reach the confluence of the Mira River and the Atlantic Ocean, where the meeting of fresh and saltwater creates a unique landscape. Vila Nova de Milfontes is a picturesque destination known for its golden sandy beaches that overlook the estuary, as well as hidden coves and scenic coastal walks.
The town offers a delightful blend of river and ocean influences, creating a serene environment that entices visitors to explore its natural beauty and enjoy the tranquility of the surroundings.
Descending further into the Algarve region, the beaches reveal a diverse palette, showcasing vast open expanses, secluded coves, and sheer cliffs that seemingly plunge straight into azure waters.
The Algarve's coastline offers a stunning array of landscapes, each beach presenting its own unique charm. Whether you seek the lively energy of popular coastal stretches or the quiet seclusion of hidden coves, the Algarve welcomes beachgoers with an abundance of options, making it a destination that caters to a variety of preferences and desires.
The region's natural treasures strike a perfect balance between history and modernity, offering both tranquility and entertainment.
An oasis of greenery and biodiversity in the heart of the Atlantic Ocean, the Azores and Madeira bewitch travelers in search of wild splendors.
The Azores archipelago, made up of nine volcanic islands, rises above blue waters, offering breathtaking ocean panoramas from its towering mountains.
Visitors to the Algarve can indulge in a wide array of activities, from relaxing hot-spring bathing to thrilling experiences like whale and dolphin watching. Diving enthusiasts can explore mysterious underwater wrecks, adding an adventurous touch to their coastal journey. In contrast, the island of Madeira, often referred to as the "Floating Garden," provides a quieter and more serene experience.
Must-do activities on Madeira include leisurely strolls through cobbled lanes and lush gardens, a visit to Funchal's vibrant market to explore local delicacies, and a cable car ride offering panoramic views of the island's stunning landscapes. Whether seeking relaxation or adventure, both the Algarve and Madeira offer an array of activities to suit diverse tastes and preferences.
What are you waiting for? Portugal, a veritable jewel on the shores of the Atlantic Ocean, unveils an array of wonders just waiting to be explored.
]]>Its long history is marked by the reconquest following the Moorish occupation, territorial wars against Spain, and participation in the Crusades, which fostered a strong chivalrous culture.
Throughout this eventful history, castles have played a vital role in protecting borders and communication routes, symbolizing power and prestige for knights and local lords.
Today, these castles represent a precious heritage of the country's history and popular tourist attractions, offering visitors a fascinating glimpse into medieval life and construction techniques of the time.
Providing an exact number of medieval castles in Portugal is challenging, as it depends on the specific definition of a medieval castle and the classification of different historical sites. However, it is estimated that there are over 200 castles and fortresses scattered throughout the country.
We have selected 10 castles that are likely the most symbolic ones.
Perched on a hill overlooking the picturesque town of Óbidos in the Western region of Portugal, you'll find the Castelo de Óbidos, a medieval fortress that transports visitors to another time.
With its imposing ramparts, cobbled streets, and preserved medieval ambiance, this castle is one of Portugal's architectural gems.
Castelo de Óbidos dates back to Roman times, but was rebuilt and fortified by the Moors in the 7th century.
Later, in the 14th century, the castle became the property of Queen Isabel, wife of King Dom Dinis. Since then, it has been given to several Portuguese queens as a dowry on their marriage, earning it the nickname "Cadeia das Rainhas" (Prison of the Queens).
The entrance is dominated by an imposing gate flanked by two cylindrical towers. Once inside, the narrow streets of the medieval village that grew up within the walls appear. Traditional houses with white facades, adorned with colorful flowers, create a picturesque and inviting atmosphere.
The highlight of a visit to Castelo de Óbidos is a walk on the ramparts, which offers a breathtaking view of the town and its surroundings. You can stroll freely along the crenellated walls, admire the watchtowers and imagine the daily lives of the soldiers and inhabitants who have lived there over the centuries.
Inside the castle walls is the 12th-century church of Santa Maria.
Its Baroque interior is richly decorated, with gilded altars and traditional azulejos. The church also houses the parish museum, which exhibits precious religious objects and works of art.
Igreja de Santa Maria em Óbidos - Crédit Center of Portugal
Castelo de Óbidos is also famous for its annual festival, during which the town is transformed into a bustling medieval marketplace. Performances by knights in armor, jugglers, musicians and artisans in period costumes enliven the streets, creating a festive and immersive atmosphere.
Castelo dos Mouros, also known as the Moorish Castle, is a medieval castle located in Sintra, 1/2 hour from Lisbon. Its history dates back to the 8th century, at the time of Moorish domination of the Iberian Peninsula.
The castle was built by the Moors, a population of Berber and Arab origin, who occupied the Sintra region. It was built on a steep hill, offering panoramic views of the surrounding area and serving as a strategic surveillance point.
Castelo dos Mouros - Crédit Lonely planet
Castelo dos Mouros is a defensive fort, designed to control the routes to Mafra and Lisbon and protect the region from outside invasion.
It features fortified walls, watchtowers and a sophisticated defense system. For several centuries, it played a crucial role in defending Moorish territory from outside attack.
In the 12th century, the Christian forces of Portugal launched the "Reconquista", a campaign to reconquer territories occupied by the Moors. In 1147, the castle was conquered by Afonso Henriques, the first king of Portugal, and integrated into the nascent kingdom.
Over the centuries, the castle lost its strategic importance and gradually fell into ruin. It wasn't until the 19th century that restoration efforts were undertaken. The work was overseen by King Ferdinand II of Portugal, a man with a passion for architecture and history.
Today, Castelo dos Mouros is a major tourist attraction in Sintra. Here, you can explore the castle ruins, admire the panoramic views over the town and surrounding area, and discover the fascinating history of this medieval fortress that bears witness to Portugal's rich history.
A particular feature of Castelo dos Mouros is the system of underground cisterns used to store water, essential to withstand prolonged sieges. These cisterns, still visible today, bear witness to the ingenuity of the Moorish builders.
The Castelo de Guimarães is an emblematic monument located in the city of Guimarães, in northern Portugal. It is one of the country's most important castles, not only for its impressive architecture, but also for its historic role as the cradle of the Portuguese nation.
This medieval castle was built in the 10th century and is considered the birthplace of Portugal, due to its connection with the first Portuguese king, Afonso Henriques. Legend has it that Afonso Henriques was born here in 1111.
It features several towers, imposing walls and a picturesque inner courtyard. The entire château is open to visitors, including the reception rooms, former kitchens and chapel.
The castle's architecture is typical of the medieval period, with its stone walls and battlements. Defensive features such as moats, watchtowers and bastions add to its imposing appearance.
In addition to its historical interest, the castle is also a cultural gathering place. Special events, festivals and historical re-enactments are held here throughout the year, offering visitors an immersive experience of Portugal's glorious past.
As you explore the area around the castle, don't miss the historic quarter of Guimarães, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The cobbled streets, traditional houses and picturesque squares create a charming atmosphere and invite you to explore.
Dominating Lisbon's São Jorge hill, São Jorge Castle is a true symbol of Portuguese history and culture. Dating back to the 11th century, this medieval fortress is one of the Portuguese capital's most emblematic attractions.
With its imposing walls, watchtowers and breathtaking panoramic views of the city and Tagus River, São Jorge Castle offers an unforgettable experience.
São Jorge Castle has a rich history dating back to Moorish times, when Lisbon was under Muslim rule. It was conquered by the Christians in the 12th century and played a key role in the city's defense for several centuries.
Over time, the castle has witnessed a variety of historical events, from epic battles to periods of prosperity and decline. Today, it stands as a fascinating testimony to Portugal's eventful history.
São Jorge Castle boasts an impressive fortified enclosure, with thick walls and imposing watchtowers. Inside, you'll find archaeological ruins, lush gardens and even an ancient cistern. The main structure also houses a small museum showcasing archaeological finds and historical artifacts.
In addition to its impressive architecture, São Jorge Castle also offers magnificent gardens and green spaces in which to relax, enjoy the tranquility of the patios and admire the various species of plants and trees. These green spaces also offer picturesque views over Lisbon, creating a peaceful and serene atmosphere.
The Castle of Santa Maria da Feira, also known as Feira Castle, was built in the 11th century during the Moorish period. It was erected on a strategic hill that offered an unobstructed view of the surrounding region and served as a vital defense point.
Over the centuries, the castle has undergone several modifications and extensions, reflecting the influences of different periods in Portuguese history, notably medieval and baroque.
The castle is distinguished by its impressive fortified enclosure, with thick stone walls and imposing watchtowers. Exploring the castle's interior reveals a picturesque courtyard, manicured gardens and richly decorated rooms.
The castle's Gothic chapel is another architectural highlight, with its magnificent vaults and sculpted details.
The Castle of Santa Maria da Feira also houses a museum that traces the history and culture of the region. Exhibits include historical artifacts, ancient weapons, traditional costumes and archival documents.
The Castle of Santa Maria da Feira is also a lively place, regularly hosting cultural events and festivities. The annual medieval festival is one of the highlights of the year, when the streets of Santa Maria da Feira are transformed into a lively medieval market.
In the picturesque town of Tomar, in the heart of Portugal, stands an impressive fortress that epitomizes medieval history and architecture: the Castelo de Tomar.
Erected on a hill overlooking the Nabão river valley, this majestic castle bears witness to the country's glorious past.
Construction of Castelo de Tomar began in the 12th century, but the site itself dates back to Roman times.
Originally conceived as a Templar castle, it was later enlarged and renovated by the Order of Christ, successor to the Knights Templar in Portugal. The mission of these knights was to protect the pilgrimage routes to Santiago de Compostela and defend the country against Moorish invasions.
As you enter the castle grounds, you're immediately struck by its imposing architecture and intricate details. Massive ramparts, crenellated towers and ogival windows give the castle an aura of power and elegance.
At the heart of Castelo de Tomar lies the Charola, a unique circular church that was the place of worship of the Knights Templar.
This unique church features a combination of Romanesque and Gothic elements. Inside, remarkable medieval religious frescoes adorn the walls, creating a mystical, spellbinding atmosphere.
Charola do-Convento de Cristo - Crédit Municipio de Tomar
Further exploration of the castle also reveals the Convento de Cristo, a monastery built in the 14th century. This impressive monastic complex includes a church, cloisters and tranquil gardens. The interior is richly decorated, with elaborate architectural details and exceptional works of art.
Castelo de Tomar is also known for its ingenious defense system, including moats, secret tunnels and underground passages. These features testify to the advanced military strategy put in place to protect the castle and its inhabitants.
Today, Castelo de Tomar is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, and has become one of Portugal's main tourist attractions.
Nestled on a small, rocky island in the middle of the Tagus River, in Portugal's Central Region, lies an architectural treasure trove of mystery and romance: the Castelo de Almourol.
Castelo de Almourol dates back to the 12th century and was built by the Knights Templar, an order of soldier-monks charged with defending Christian lands during the Crusades. Its strategic position on the island and its imposing architecture make it a symbol of power and resistance.
To reach the castle, visitors must take a traditional boat from the nearby village of Vila Nova da Barquinha.
Crossing the river already offers a breathtaking view of this mysterious fortress looming on the horizon. Once on the island, climb the steep steps to the castle entrance.
Castelo de Almourol stands proudly with its stone walls, crenellated towers and imposing keep. You can explore the different parts of the castle, some of which have been restored to provide a better understanding of its history and architecture.
The ramparts offer panoramic views of the river and surrounding area, creating a breathtaking panorama.
Portugal is full of fascinating castles, and among them is Castelo de Bragança, an imposing fortress located in the eponymous town of Bragança.
This medieval castle is an architectural gem offering a captivating glimpse into the country's history. With its massive walls, watchtowers and strategic location, Castelo de Bragança is a must-see destination for lovers of heritage and time travel.
Castelo de Bragança dates back to the 12th century, when it was built to defend the border between Portugal and Spain.
Over the centuries, it has been the scene of numerous conflicts and battles, testifying to the strategic importance of the region. For a time, it even served as the royal residence of the Portuguese noble family of Bragança.
Castelo de Bragança stands out for its well-preserved medieval architecture. You can admire its massive stone walls, imposing watchtowers and impressive fortified enclosure.
Inside the castle, you'll find charming patios, cobbled passageways and richly decorated rooms. The Menagem Tower, the castle's highest tower, offers panoramic views of the city and surrounding area.
The castle also houses a museum highlighting the history and culture of the Bragança region. On display are historical objects, ancient weapons, traditional costumes and archival documents.
Castelo de Bragança is also the scene of various events and festivities throughout the year.
The annual medieval festival is one of the highlights, when the castle and its surroundings are transformed into a bustling medieval marketplace. Visitors can enjoy theatrical performances, knightly tournaments, costume parades and demonstrations of traditional crafts.
At the heart of the Alentejo region in southern Portugal lies an architectural treasure trove steeped in history and breathtaking beauty: Castelo de Marvão.
This majestic medieval fortress stands proudly on a rocky ridge, offering breathtaking panoramic views of the surrounding area.
Castelo de Marvão - Credit allaboutportugal
Castelo de Marvão is nestled in the eponymous town of Marvão, on the Spanish border. Construction of the castle began in the 13th century, but its origins date back to Roman and even pre-Roman times. It was designed as a strategic defensive bastion, perched at an altitude of almost 900 meters, making it one of the highest castles in Portugal.
As you approach Castelo de Marvão, you're immediately struck by its impressive walled enclosure, which extends over some 13,000 square metres. Sturdy ramparts, crenellated towers and imposing bastions testify to the power and grandeur of this fortress.
One of the most remarkable features of Castelo de Marvão is its breathtaking panoramic view over the surrounding valley. The view from the top of the ramparts is breathtaking, with rolling green hills, picturesque villages and even the mountains of neighboring Spain. The sunsets from the castle are particularly spectacular and well worth the detour.
Perched majestically on a hilltop in Portugal's Alentejo region is the Château de Monsaraz.
A true medieval gem, this fortified castle offers not only a breathtaking view of the surrounding plains, but also a journey back in time through the history of Portugal.
Monsaraz Castle was built in the 13th century to reinforce the border between Portugal and Spain. It witnessed many conflicts and battles over the centuries, but its strategic position made it an essential point of defense for the region.
The castle is surrounded by a fortified enclosure, whose thick walls are still well preserved. Inside the castle, you'll find narrow, winding lanes, whitewashed stone houses and a picturesque Gothic church. The clock tower is another notable feature, offering panoramic views of the surrounding region.
Monsaraz Castle is also known for its commitment to art and culture. The town is home to many local artisan workshops where you can discover traditional works of art, such as pottery and basketry.
There are also festivals and cultural events showcasing the region's traditions and crafts.
"If you're wondering about the perfect time to visit Lisbon, look no further than June. The city comes alive during the Lisbon Festivals, a longstanding tradition of vibrant street parties featuring events, parades, music, and grilled sardines.
The entire city is in a festive mood, with the most charismatic and historic neighborhoods such as Alfama, Bairro Alto, Bica, Castelo, and Mouraria offering a unique and lively atmosphere.
The pinnacle of these festivities occurs on June 13, the commemoration of Saint Anthony's (Santo António) birth, who is revered as the patron saint of the city."
Fernando Martins de Bulhões, born in 1195 in Lisbon into a noble family, pursued his education at the Monastery of the Holy Cross in Coimbra, located in northern Portugal. When he turned 25, he expressed his desire to join the followers of Saint Francis of Assisi and adopted the name "Brother Anthony".
Renowned for his erudition, exceptional oratory skills, and remarkable preaching ability, he garnered attention from the Franciscans who appointed him to preach in France, leading to the conversion of numerous Cathars.
Upon returning to Italy, he served as an advisor to Pope Gregory IX for a period before being assigned to Padua, where he passed away on June 13 at the age of 36. The following year, he was canonized, with 40 miraculous healings attributed to him.
During the 15th and 16th centuries, devotion to him began to spread. He became invoked as a protector of sailors and prisoners, as well as a patron saint for finding lost items and restoring health.
A Basilica in Padua was dedicated to him, earning him the title of "Saint Anthony of Padua." However, during the 15th century, the Portuguese capitalized on his Portuguese heritage, elevating his fame worldwide during the era of great discoveries. He was officially proclaimed the Patron Saint of Portugal, with a special emphasis on Lisbon, his birth city.
Since then, Portugal has continuously honored and celebrated him, with June 13 marking his birth anniversary as a public holiday in Lisbon.
The traditions surrounding Saint Anthony have roots dating back to the 13th century and have continued to thrive to this day. Many scholars believe that the origins of the "Festas de Santo António" can be traced back to ancient pagan rituals associated with the celebration of the summer solstice.
Both in the past and in the present, the essence of these festivities lies in taking to the streets and joyously celebrating summer and life. It involves lively dancing, singing, indulging in delicious food and drinks, and engaging in conversations with neighbors, fostering a sense of community and shared merriment.
In addition to these popular festivals, many events and celebrations have gradually been added: the weddings of Saint Anthony and the popular marches are the most popular.
In 1958, the newspaper "Diário Popular" took the initiative to enable couples facing financial challenges to enter into matrimony. On June 12 of that same year, a significant milestone was reached when 26 couples were joined in marriage for the first time in the Church of Santo António in Lisbon.
Covering every aspect from wedding rings and attire, including wedding dresses, tuxedos, and shoes, to the wedding night, bouquets, decorations, catering, trousseau, and even the stag party, over 63 partners of the event ensure that no detail is overlooked.
Today, the "Casamentos de Santo António" has become an integral part of Lisbon's popular tradition, solidifying its cultural identity year after year. It is an unmissable event that not only celebrates love and matrimony but also contributes to the vibrant cultural tapestry of the city.
Every year, on the night of June 12, the Avenida da Liberdade comes alive with the vibrant "Popular Walks" in Lisbon. Representing each district of the city, participants adorn themselves in themed costumes, perform original songs created specifically for the event, and showcase their creativity by parading down the city's largest avenue, captivating the entire population with their spirited displays.
The roots of the popular marches can be traced back to the 19th century, originating from the tradition of the "torchlight march." During these marches, couples would walk through the streets illuminated by balloons attached to reeds.
In Lisbon, the popular marches made their debut in 1932 and swiftly evolved into a captivating musical and visual extravaganza, turning into a spirited competition among the city's most traditional districts.
Months before the event, children, youth, and adults come together to create, rehearse choreographies, compose songs, and prepare costumes and floats that represent their respective neighborhoods. The culmination of their efforts is a lively parade held on the city's renowned avenue, captivating spectators with its vibrant display of talent and community pride.
Lisbon's festivities have expanded to encompass the entire month of June, with entertainment and celebrations taking place in every corner of the city. However, the pinnacle of these festivities is reached during the night of June 12th to 13th, where the atmosphere reaches its climax and the city comes alive with vibrant energy.
The lively festivities unfold on the streets of the characteristic districts of Alfama and Bica, where the party is in full swing. People from Lisbon, all over Portugal, and thousands of visitors come together, embracing the vibrant ambiance filled with popular music, while enjoying a drink and savoring grilled sardines in hand.
The night knows no bounds, so be prepared for an endless adventure as you wander through the streets and alleys of Lisbon. Get ready to embrace the charm of getting lost in the city, striking up conversations with locals and fellow revelers alike. Dance to the lively rhythms in every quaint square you encounter, and don't miss the opportunity to savor the renowned grilled sardines, whether it's on a terrace or at a cozy corner of an open-air bar.
Marjoram is an aromatic plant like coriander or oregano that grows and matures in the spring, at which time it is usually taken out of the ground and put into a pot.
On the Day of Saint Anthony, a cherished tradition involves presenting a jar of marjoram to one's fiancée, wife, or beloved. This jar is often adorned with a small flag bearing a popular verse about love.
The recipient of this heartfelt offering is then entrusted with the care of the marjoram pot until the following year's Saint Anthony's Day, when another one will be received.
If you are unable to visit Lisbon and partake in this tradition, you can still participate by gifting a pot of marjoram in earthenware, accompanied by its own small flag and a popular verse. Simply click on the image below to access the offering.
Saint Anthony, the Patron Saint of Portugal, is revered by many for his protective intercession. While some Portuguese individuals hold a deep devotion to him, even non-believers are familiar with and hold respect for him. It is rare to find a Portuguese household without a figurine or illustration featuring the image of Saint Anthony.
In our online store, you will find a selection of ceramic or wax figurines. Simply click on the images to explore and discover them. Whether for personal devotion or as a cultural symbol, these representations of Saint Anthony are available for you to browse and choose from.
Santo António en céramique - Collection Luisa Paixão
Santo António en cire - Collection Luisa Paixão
The Saint Anthony Festivals in Lisbon are an immersive and exciting experience, providing a glimpse into the rich Portuguese culture.
This fiery celebration of tradition and religious fervor offers an opportunity to discover the warm hospitality of Lisbon's inhabitants and their love for music, dance, and delectable food.
If you have the chance to visit Lisbon in June, don't miss the Saint Anthony Festivals—an unforgettable experience that will immerse you in the vibrant culture of Portugal.
]]>Northern Portugal is celebrated for its rich culinary heritage, deeply intertwined with the region's historical and cultural fabric. The cuisine boasts a reputation for its genuine flavors and wide-ranging diversity.
A key distinguishing factor lies in the emphasis on fresh, locally sourced ingredients. The region benefits from an abundance of top-quality agricultural produce and seafood, resulting in a cuisine that truly captures the essence of its surroundings.
Traditional recipes are passed on through generations, ensuring their originality. These recipes are typically uncomplicated, accentuating the natural tastes of the ingredients and employing conventional cooking methods like wood-oven roasting and slow cooking.
Additionally, it would be remiss not to mention the internationally acclaimed wines crafted in the Douro region when discussing Northern Portuguese cuisine. Port wines, in particular, are renowned for their distinctive excellence and flavor, frequently accompanying the traditional dishes of the region.
Whether your culinary preferences lean towards meat, fish, or wine, Northern Portugal has something to please your sweet cravings. And if you're eager to recreate some of the finest recipes in your own kitchen, here are ten delectable options to consider!
Tripas à moda do Porto is a traditional dish hailing from the vibrant city of Porto. This flavorful stew combines pork tripe, white beans, vegetables, and sausages. Believed to have originated in the 15th century, the dish emerged when the residents of Porto, reserving the meat for sailors embarking on sea voyages, ingeniously retained the tripe solely for their own consumption.
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Which wine to serve with Port-style tripe?
To complement the distinctive Moda do Porto Tripas, a red wine that is full-bodied, exhibits lively tannins, and boasts balanced acidity is recommended.
One such wine that fits the bill is Kopke São Luiz, a red wine originating from the renowned Douro region. It showcases an intense red hue and delightful sweet flavors. This well-balanced wine features prominent tannins and a persistent, yet harmonious finish. It serves as an ideal accompaniment to Port-style tripe, enhancing the overall dining experience.
Another culinary gem of Porto is the Francesinha, a tantalizing hot and spicy sandwich. This delectable creation consists of layers of sliced bread, ham, sausage, grilled meat, and melted cheese. The pièce de résistance is the generous drizzle of a tomato, beer, and chili-based sauce that crowns the sandwich, infusing it with irresistible flavors.
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For an authentic dining experience, the Francesinha can be served at the table in a terracotta plate that has been skillfully utilized to bake it to perfection.
This traditional terracotta gratin dish adds a touch of delight to every recipe, ensuring nothing sticks, while flawlessly preserving flavors. It guarantees uniform cooking results, whether utilizing gas, oven, or even embers, allowing for a truly pleasurable culinary adventure.
A hearty meat and vegetable stew, lovingly prepared in a clay pot, is a culinary delight. This dish typically features tender pieces of beef, pork, and chicken, complemented by savory sausages, carrots, cabbage, and potatoes. It is commonly served alongside rice and white beans, creating a harmonious and satisfying combination of flavors.
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Having trouble finding the right clay pot to cook a Cozido? Red clay, known as "Olaria de barro vermelho", can be used to prepare spectacular stews: "In an earthenware pot, the meat becomes exceptionally tender".
Hailing from the Trás-os-Montes region in northeastern Portugal, Feijoada in Transmontana is a traditional dish that showcases the rich culinary heritage of the area. This flavorful stew revolves around white beans (feijão branco) and boasts a diverse assortment of meats, including pork, beef, chorizo, ham, and sometimes tripe.
The meats are typically simmered with garlic, onions, tomatoes, paprika, and other aromatic spices. Feijoada in Transmontana is often accompanied by rice, cabbage, or potatoes, further enhancing its wholesome and comforting nature, making it particularly popular during the winter months.
This hearty and nourishing dish holds a special place in celebratory gatherings like weddings and birthdays, often gracing the tables at major parties. It is also a beloved staple in the region's restaurants and guesthouses, where locals and visitors alike can relish its delicious flavors.
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Another iconic recipe originating from Northern Portugal is chicken rice cooked in a distinctive broth infused with chicken blood, vinegar, and onions. This dish, characterized by its dark color and unique flavor, captivates the senses. It is commonly accompanied by a side of crispy French fries, adding a delightful texture contrast to the meal.
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Another beloved meat dish in Northern Portugal is the flavorful Rojões. This recipe features succulent pieces of pork marinated in white wine and then fried to perfection with a medley of garlic, onions, and fragrant bay leaves. Rojões are frequently accompanied by a side of rice and potatoes, completing the hearty and satisfying meal.
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This renowned dish is another culinary gem representing the city of Porto. It is a flavorful codfish stew prepared with tender potatoes, onions, garlic, olives, and eggs, creating a harmonious blend of ingredients that tantalize the taste buds.
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Terracotta oven dishes excel in distributing heat evenly during the cooking process. With its exceptional properties, terracotta emerges as the ideal material for slow cooking and simmering recipes. It guarantees the attainment of a delectably tender and flavorsome texture, enhancing the overall culinary experience.
Caldo Verde, a traditional soup hailing from the northern region of Portugal, is a beloved culinary gem. This comforting dish is crafted with a simple yet delightful combination of ingredients, including potatoes, cabbage, and delectable slices of chorizo.
To create this flavorsome soup, the potatoes are cooked to a velvety softness, lending a creamy texture to the broth. The cabbage adds a touch of vibrant green color and a subtle earthy flavor that beautifully complements the other elements. Finally, the slices of chorizo infuse the soup with a rich and smoky essence, elevating the taste profile to new heights.
Caldo Verde is not only nourishing but also offers a wonderful balance of flavors and textures. It is often enjoyed as a wholesome and comforting meal on cold winter days, providing warmth and sustenance. Served alongside crusty bread, this traditional soup makes for a satisfying and complete dining experience, showcasing the culinary heritage of northern Portugal.
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Enhance the presentation and experience of your Caldo Verde by serving it in a traditional Portuguese terracotta bowl. Crafted from naturally insulating terracotta, this bowl is adept at retaining heat, ensuring that your Caldo Verde stays warm and inviting throughout your meal.
The earthy charm of the terracotta vessel adds an authentic touch, further immersing you in the rich culinary traditions of Portugal.
Arroz de Pato, a delightful Portuguese dish, showcases a harmonious blend of rice and succulent duck. This flavorful recipe incorporates white beans, onions, garlic, and a touch of red wine to elevate the taste profile.
In this culinary masterpiece, the rice absorbs the rich flavors of the tender duck meat, creating a delightful combination of textures. The white beans add a creamy element, while the onions and garlic infuse the dish with aromatic undertones. The addition of red wine further enhances the overall depth and complexity of flavors, creating a truly satisfying meal.
Arroz de Pato is a beloved specialty that exemplifies the culinary heritage of Portugal. Its hearty and comforting nature makes it an excellent choice for gatherings and special occasions.
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Papas de Sarrabulho is a traditional Portuguese dish that showcases a flavorful meat and vegetable stew. This delectable recipe combines ingredients such as potatoes, carrots, onions, bacon, and sausages, resulting in a hearty and satisfying medley of flavors.
The stew is carefully crafted, with the ingredients simmered together to create a rich and aromatic broth. The potatoes and vegetables add texture and depth, while the bacon and sausages infuse the dish with savory goodness. To complete the experience, Papas de Sarrabulho is often served alongside corn bread, which perfectly complements the robust flavors of the stew.
This dish is a true testament to Portuguese culinary heritage and is frequently enjoyed during festive gatherings and special occasions. The combination of meats, vegetables, and corn bread creates a memorable dining experience that captures the essence of comfort food at its finest.
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When delving into the culinary traditions of northern Portugal, it is impossible to overlook the renowned "enchidos." These dry sausages are crafted using a combination of pork and a medley of flavorful spices, including paprika, garlic, cloves, and salt.
Enchidos encompass a wide array of varieties, each possessing its own unique recipe and manufacturing process. Chouriço, linguiça, salpicão, and paio are among the most commonly enjoyed types. These savory delicacies are frequently served as aperitifs or starters, expertly sliced into thin strips. To enhance the experience, they are accompanied by delectable bread and cheese, resulting in a delightful combination of flavors and textures.
Enchidos hold a special place in the culinary landscape of northern Portugal, reflecting the region's rich heritage and expertise in preserving and transforming pork into delectable creations. Their inclusion in meals adds a touch of tradition and gastronomic pleasure to any dining experience.
They are also a key ingredient in many traditional Portuguese dishes, such as feijoada à la portugaise, a white bean and pork stew, or cozido à portuguesa, a vegetable and meat stew.
The traditional culinary practices in northern Portugal embrace a variety of cooking methods, including low-temperature simmering, baking, and even grilling. An integral element of this cuisine is the use of terracotta dishes, pots, bowls, and plates.
Terracotta, with its exceptional qualities, elevates the cooking experience to new heights. When simmering recipes in terracotta, ingredients cook evenly, flavors are wonderfully preserved, and the cooking process remains uniform. Moreover, the beauty of terracotta lies in its versatility. The same dish used for cooking can be elegantly presented at the table, adding a touch of rustic charm to the dining experience.
By utilizing terracotta cookware, traditional recipes are enhanced, ensuring optimal cooking results and a delightful presentation. Its natural properties make it a cherished feature in the culinary traditions of northern Portugal, enhancing the pleasure of cooking and savoring authentic dishes.
Azulejos are painted ceramic tiles that hold great importance in Portuguese culture and architecture. They have been used for centuries to decorate buildings, churches, palaces, and homes, and today they are a key element of Portuguese cultural heritage.
The origins of Azulejo can be found in the tradition of Arab patterns, Italian tile craftsmanship, or Greek mosaic art. Beautiful tile paintings can also be found in other countries outside of Europe, such as the former Portuguese or Spanish colonies in America, Africa, and Asia. Masterpieces of tile painting can also be found in the Netherlands, Italy, and of course, the Middle East.
However, Portuguese artists have mastered this art and integrated it into everyday life in Portugal. This is why Azulejo has become a sort of trademark of Portugal today.
In Portugal, there are several types of Azulejos, each with its own style, meaning, and sometimes even its own manufacturing process.
Azulejos are typically large tiles adorned with intricate and colorful designs that depict historical or mythological scenes. They were commonly used to embellish churches and royal palaces, and came to represent the grandeur and affluence of the Portuguese nobility.
These tiles often have a monochrome appearance, with shades of blue that only skilled painters and ceramists can produce.
Saint Laurent d'Almancil Church
They can also be very colorful, like the beautiful panels that cover the outside walls of the church of St. Lawrence of Almancil (Igreja Matriz de Santa Maria de Válega) which is located near Ovar south of Porto.
Igreja Matriz de Santa Maria, Valéga - Credit : Wikimédia
In Portugal, there are still craftsmen, sometimes grouped in small workshops, who are in charge of the restoration of old tiles and who agree to reproduce them identically.
The tiles are molded by hand and then painted by reproducing the ancient gestures studied during the restoration of historical azulejos. The mastery of the firing process allows to reveal all the shades of blue.
Mudejar tiles, influenced by the forms and techniques developed by the Arabs, found in Portuguese buildings, are certainly examples commissioned by Portugal to Hispanic workshops, the largest manufacturing center for this type of tile being Seville.
The manufacturing method is inspired by the cloisonné technique of medieval enamels.
Watertight zones protected by separators are created to prevent the colors from mixing.
This particular technique, still applied by a few rare craftsmen allows to propose original objects such as coasters, coasters, paperweights or even pretty small boxes.
Also called Azulejos "de figura avulsa" These azulejos depict animals, plants or scenes from everyday life. They were often used to decorate homes and public buildings and were very popular during the Renaissance.
These are Dutch-inspired tiles that appeared at the end of the 17th century, when patterned tiles went out of fashion. The designs range from castles, flowers and birds to people, boats and animals.
These azulejos are characterized by geometric patterns, such as squares, triangles and circles, which create a repetitive and hypnotic pattern. They were used to decorate public buildings, such as train stations and museums, and were popular during the 1930s.
These azulejos are intended to be assembled by 4 (2x2) and up to 144 copies (12x12) Their juxtaposition by group of 4 makes appear successively new motifs.
The motifs generally combine plants and geometric shapes, with a predominance of blue and yellow on white (at the beginning of the century) and polychrome total of blue, yellow, manganese and green (mid-century).
These azulejos depict flowers and plants, often in a naturalistic style. They were used to decorate gardens, fountains and public buildings, and are still very popular today.
These tiles were created in recent decades and are characterized by abstract patterns, bright colors and geometric shapes. They are often used to decorate public buildings and modern living spaces.
Charis Tsevis is a Greek visual designer who lives and works in Pafos, Cyprus. He produced a study on azulejos and modern mosaics in homage to Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro by mixing modern digital techniques and ancestral mosaic techniques.
Illustrations of mosaics based on traditional Portuguese painting (Azulejo). A tribute to Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro by Charis Tsevis
Tiles are an essential part of Portuguese culture and architecture. Each type of tile has its own meaning and style, reflecting the historical and cultural influences of the region.
Today, tiles are still used to decorate public buildings, churches and houses, and are considered an important part of the Portuguese cultural heritage.
Portugal had been living under a dictatorship since 1926. The country was ruled by the Estado Novo, a conservative and nationalist regime that relied on the army and a political police force. It was headed by Marcelo Caetano, who succeeded Salazar.
Portugal, in 1974, had a low economic status compared to other European nations, and its society was characterized by moral conservatism and restricted freedoms for its citizens. The country was also embroiled in colonial conflicts in Angola, which was a Portuguese colony, as well as facing revolts for independence in Mozambique and its other colonies.
Simultaneously, Portugal was experiencing significant emigration due to poverty and military obligations, resulting in a depletion of the country's human resources.
As a result, officers and non-commissioned officers appealed to Marcelo Caetano for a political resolution to the colonial wars.
However, the ruling regime rejected any compromises, prompting some officers to form the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) in 1973. The MFA would go on to play a significant role in the Carnation Revolution.
"Portugal and the Future," a publication authored by António de Spínola, Vice-Chief of the Armed Forces, was made public in February 1974. The publication marked Spínola's opposition to the then-current government.
On April 25th, the Armed Forces Movement initiated a series of operations to depose the dictatorial regime, taking control of key strategic locations throughout the country.
Within a matter of hours, the regime fell, prompting Marcelo Caetano to resign and transfer power to the Junta de Salvação Nacional (JSN), led by Spínola. In his leadership role, Spínola promised to return power to civilians after the holding of free and fair elections.
Shortly thereafter, the military troops began to mobilize: those stationed in Santarém made their way to Lisbon, while troops located in Figueira da Foz, Lisbon, Mafra, Tomar, Vendas Novas, Viseu, and other locations strategically positioned themselves around their targets.
25 April at 03:00AM : Lisbon and Porto airports were shut down, and flights were redirected to Spain. The MFA gained control over RCP and RTP radio stations, as well as the primary transmitters. Additionally, the MFA took control of the military region headquarters in Oporto.
25 April at 4:15AM : The existing regime responded by directing the forces stationed in Braga to launch an attack on Oporto with the aim of regaining control of the military headquarters.
April 25 at 4:26AM: Speaking on the national Portuguese radio, the MFA urged citizens to remain in their homes, while advising medical personnel to report to hospitals as usual. Soldiers who were on duty were also advised to avoid confrontations with MFA troops.
April 25 at 5:00AM :The Portuguese political police, known as PIDE, advised Marcelo Caetano to make his way promptly to the headquarters of the GNR (Guarda Nacional Republicana).
April 25 at 05:30AM : MFA troops gained control of several strategic locations, including the Ministry of the Army, the Lisbon City Council, the Bank of Portugal, and the police offices of the PSP.
April 25 at 07:00AM : Upon hearing the MFA message instructing them to remain indoors, the Portuguese population defied the order and took to the streets, joining forces with the insurgent military.
April 25 at 09:00AM : The frigate "Gago Coutinho" was instructed to halt in front of Terreiro do Paço (Trade Square in Lisbon) and initiate a counterattack, but failed to follow through with the order.
April 25 at 10:00AM : Celeste Caeiro attempted to distribute her carnations at various restaurants in Lisbon, but found that they were all closed. She then decided to offer the flowers to the soldiers who were occupying the streets. The soldiers, in a peaceful gesture, placed the carnations in the barrels of their rifles.
Within hours, demonstrations erupted in the streets of Lisbon and other cities throughout the country. Thousands of people joined in the protests, showing their support for the military and protesting against the dictatorship. The crowds sang, danced, and waved Portuguese flags, creating an atmosphere of celebration and hope.
April 25 at 4:30PM : The ultimatum issued to Marcelo Caetano has come to an end. Spinola goes to the GNR headquarters and receives his resignation. Caetano is taken away in an armored car and will be exiled.
April 25 at 11:30PM : The members of the JSN (Junta de Salvação Nacional) appear on television (RTP) and promise to return power to civilians after free elections are held.
Portugal quickly recognized the right to self-determination for its colonies in 1974. Guinea-Bissau declared its independence followed by Mozambique, Cape Verde, Sao Tome and Principe, and Angola.
However, divisions arose within Portugal between the MFA, which wanted a radical revolution, and the socialists, who aimed for a more moderate approach. The country was rocked by numerous strikes, occupations of large landowners' lands, and attempted coups.
It wasn't until the adoption of the current Portuguese Constitution on April 2, 1976, and the election of Ramalho Eanes that the situation stabilized.
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The tradition of Coimbra ceramics dates back to the 16th century, showcasing monochrome tones in cobalt blue, complemented by vibrant hues like yellow, green, and ochre. Originating from the Northern Portuguese city of Coimbra, this artistic expression has garnered global acclaim for centuries.
The inaugural pottery factories emerged in close proximity to the banks of the Mondego River, capitalizing on the nearby reservoirs of clay-rich soil. Over time, these manufacturing establishments coalesced around the "Bota Baixo" square, with the primary factories situated along "Rua dos Oleiros," "Rua da Louça," and "Largo das Olarias." Remarkably, the names of these streets endure in the cityscape to this day.
Beyond offering a readily available source of clay, the proximity of the Mondego River played a crucial role in facilitating the transportation of ceramic products to the port of Figueira da Foz.
This proximity streamlined the shipping and sale of the finalized ceramic pieces, enhancing the trade and distribution of Coimbra's distinctive ceramics.
The "Malegueiros," named after their roots in the Spanish city of Malaga, were visionary artists who introduced ceramic techniques to the Coimbra region in the 16th century.
During that period, aspiring ceramists had to undergo an examination and excel in a practical test, which included the de-moulding of dishes after the initial firing.
Subsequently, the "judges of the Office" would issue an official letter, authorizing the production and sale of Coimbra ceramics, contingent upon adherence to the profession's regulations and manufacturing standards.
The Malegueiros amassed considerable wealth and even attained titles of nobility. In response, the city council instituted a work permit, a contribution to the city's festivals, and required the renunciation of their privileges.
Consequently, the ceramic industry began to extend to the working class, although specific families like Costa Brioso, Paiva, Vandelli, and Oliveira continued to hold sway over the local earthenware sector. These families remain some of the most renowned in the region.
Ceramic dish from Coimbra - 17th century - Credit Museu Quinta das cruzes
In the 20th century, Coimbra ceramics experienced substantial industrialization with the establishment of the ESTACO factory, employing over 1,000 individuals, excluding its production unit in Mozambique.
Nevertheless, akin to many facets of the ceramic industry, the ESTACO factory witnessed a decline and ultimately declared bankruptcy in 2001.
Today, the expansive Pedrulha industrial park, sprawling over 60,000 square meters, stands in ruins, characterized by missing roofs, dilapidated walls, and shattered windows.
Coimbra ceramics continue to occupy a prominent position in the collective imagination, eliciting feelings of attachment, respect, and curiosity. Although rare, artifacts from the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries remain highly sought after, gracing private collections and auction houses.
The renewed interest in Coimbra ceramics has become a catalyst for skilled artisans to rediscover ancestral manufacturing processes and replicate historical pieces.
Among them, Luisa Paixão stands out, contributing to the renaissance of this art through her choice of a small workshop dedicated to crafting entirely handmade ceramic pieces using 17th-century techniques.
What distinguishes this workshop is the artistic freedom granted to decorators, allowing them to interpret the original 17th-century motifs and thus ensuring each piece is absolutely unique.
ℹ Luisa Paixão aims to contribute to the revival of this artisan craft and has chosen a small workshop that spares no effort in offering ceramic pieces entirely handmade, adhering to 17th-century techniques.
What sets this workshop apart is that decorators are free to interpret the original 17th-century motifs, making each piece absolutely unique."
At Christmas, the meal on 24 December is usually frugal and based on cod (Bacalhau). It is on December 25th at noon that the meal becomes much more copious with multiple starters or petiscos, roasted meat dishes and the famous 13 Christmas desserts.
In addition to the 8 ideas below, if you want to try your hand at Portuguese cooking, take our recipe book (translated into English)
The influence of the Atlantic Ocean can be found in this gastronomy, with many seafood products (fish, shellfish), Mediterranean traditions (bread, wine, olive oil, citrus fruits) and flavors brought back from the former colonies (spices).
Cod, potato, cinnamon or brown sugar, are essential ingredients to prepare a typical Portuguese Christmas meal. To make your taste buds travel on 25 December, from starter to dessert, here are our recipe ideas for a 100% Portuguese Christmas menu.
The Portuguese love to eat small dishes to share as appetizers. Served as tapas, they are called "pesticos".
In our blog, you will already find a few examples of Portuguese recipes for petiscos to surprise your guests at the aperitif. Here are 4 ideas for appetizers to accompany your Portuguese aperitifs.
The padrón pepper is a typical pepper variety from Galicia and Northern Portugal. They are small chillies, olive green to yellowish green in colour, the curious thing about these chillies is that some of them tend to bite, but you never know which one, so be careful!
Fried padrón peppers are perfect as a starter, appetizer or petiscos.
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Rissois are shrimp or meat fritters. In Portugal, they make an easy and economical appetizer using leftovers from other meals. You can make meat rissoles with poultry, pork, beef or suckling pig, depending on your preferences and the availability of the ingredient.
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Camarões a guilho are a highly praised starter in terms of flavour and aroma. Guilho shrimp, or alhinho, are shrimp cooked over a high heat with a sauce made of olive oil, garlic and chilli.
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Peixinhos da horta are green beans wrapped in dough or polenta and fried. Peixinhos da horta is one of the most traditional Portuguese dishes to be served as an appetizer or as an aperitif.
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In Portugal, cheese is best enjoyed as an aperitif. Melted and spread on bread or cubed and eaten with a toothpick, the cheeses preferred by the Portuguese are often creamy, made from goat's or sheep's milk.
Azeitão, Rabaçal and Serra da Estrela cheeses are typical of Portugal and make up your cheese board.
For even more flavour, add a cherry jam and a bit of salt with pepper to your platter.
Of course, you must have the famous Azeitão, a sheep's milk cheese, which you can eat with a spoon after removing the cap.
Don't hesitate to present your Portuguese cheeses on a typical Portuguese platter.
Portuguese platter - Luisa Paixão collection
Typical Portuguese gastronomy often consists of seafood. For example, Portuguese starters are often cooked with cod or crab.
Here are three typical Portuguese recipes that you will love to try at Christmas.
A mini version of cestinhas com salpicão are small baskets of puff pastry filled with an original chicken salad.
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It is a Portuguese speciality, often served in "marisqueiras" (seafood restaurants). Stuffed crab will look great on your Christmas table.
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If the tradition of Christmas in Portugal is to eat simply on the evening of the 24th, it is because the real Christmas meal takes place on the 25th of December.
On this occasion, the Portuguese enjoy the famous stuffed turkey, which has become very common in recent years. However, there are still some traditional households that prepare the "Leitão assado" or roast kid "à Transmontana", which comes from the Trás-os-Montes region.
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A traditional recipe that is one of the most common Christmas meals.
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Recipe
Traditionally, the kid is cooked over a wood fire, but baking it in a stoneware dish does not alter the qualities of this delicious dish.
Portuguese gastronomy is very rich in desserts. However, at Christmas, the tradition is that the 13 desserts are placed on the table. Pão de Ló, Pasteis de Nata or the famous Bolo Rei are on every table in Portugal!
To make a success of these desserts, you will need the recipes that you can find in our blog "Discover the 13 Portuguese Christmas desserts" and some typical Portuguese utensils that are often not available outside Portugal.
For those who want to go even further in their culinary discoveries, don't hesitate to browse through our recipe book on Madeira cuisine.
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They are sweet and aromatic wines, where floral and fruity notes predominate. They usually have a firm acidity and low alcohol content. The wines that best illustrate this style are called Bucelas and Vinho Verde.
These light and mineral, taut and crystalline wines are made from local grape varieties: Arinto in the case of Bucelas and Alvarinho, Loureiro, Azal, Trajadura and Pedernã in the case of Vinho Verde.
These wines should be drunk young and fresh. They are ideal partners for the summer, although they can be drunk all year round as an aperitif, with salads or fish and seafood dishes.
Slightly alcoholic and rich in texture, these wines are born in the vineyards under the hot sun and hot summers. These wines are sweet and rich when born in the Alentejo, intense and mineral when from the Douro and full-bodied when from Trás-os-Montes.
Portugal has the advantage of having countless grape varieties that can retain acidity in hot climates and use it to add freshness to a structured blend.
Structured whites can be enriched by oak fermentation, which makes them denser and more structured, and/or oak maturation, which gives them light or strong woody aromas.
These are wines that pair well with strong flavored foods. Wines with woody aromas are more difficult to pair with food, but they can work well with smoked foods.
Rosés are a fresh and fruity alternative to dry whites. Most rosés go well with all foods and can be a good, low-alcohol way to accompany a summer barbecue. Dry, fruity rosés are perfect with a variety of lightly spiced dishes, including sushi, vegetables and salads, because of their light sweetness.
The vineyards of Portugal's Atlantic coast produce light, aromatic red wines and generally have an alcohol content of about 11%. In the northwest of Portugal, the Vinhos Verdes region produces a very distinctive, deep-colored red wine, almost always made from the Vinhão grape.
As a rule, they have a low alcohol content, light structure and soft tannins. The regions of preference for this light and aromatic style are mainly in the south of Portugal, with Alentejo leading the way in silky, young and fragrant wines full of ripe fruit.
Red Vinho Verde pairs well with grilled sardines, fatty meats and traditional cold cuts.
The warm summers of the Alentejo favor the ripening of the grapes and, if the grapes are sweet, produce wines with a lot of body and fruit. The red wines of Alentejo are made from a wide variety of grape varieties, including Trincadeira and Aragonez, Alicante Bouschet and Syrah, Touriga Nacional and Cabernet Sauvignon.
These wines can be cheap, rich or very expensive, even richer, denser and aged in wood, but always with a certain opulence and charm.
The soft tannins make it easier to pair these wines with food. But the flavors of the food must be pronounced if they are not to be overpowered by those of the wine. Game, lightly or heavily seasoned red meats and cold cuts go well with this style of wine.
Wines based on mature Touriga Nacional are good for beef and wines based on Aragonez go well with lamb, especially when cooked with thyme.
The Douro Valley is conducive to the creation of this style of wine. Generally with very present tannins in the first years after the harvest, the great wines of the Douro have their own style, elegance and usually a great complexity of flavors resulting from the blending of several grape varieties.
These wines age well: with time, the tannins soften and the fruit becomes more mature. The higher the price, the more they should evolve with age - but this is sometimes just a cliché.
Trás-os-Montes is the wine region north of the Douro, also mountainous, where the same grape varieties are planted and which also produces strong reds.
Bairrada also produces robust reds. In good harvests, the reds produced from the Baga variety have good body, high acidity and tannins that, with age, gain softer and more complex flavors, giving rise to a wine of great singularity
Robust red wines pair well in the summer with game and meats. The tannins of young, robust wines seem to go better with simmered meats, especially when red wine is part of the ingredient list.
Wines from the Douro, Trás-os-Montes and Bairrada (of the Baga variety) pair well with certain cheeses. Both are surprisingly delicious with goat cheese.
The high altitude, granitic soils, cold climate and long maturation are the main characteristics of the Dão region, which is responsible for the production of a large number of elegant red wines.
Touriga Nacional is blended with Tinta Roriz, Alfrocheiro, Jaen and other varieties to produce wines with intense flavor, fragrance, acidity and balance.
The red wines of Palmela, on the Setúbal Peninsula, can also be elegant when made from Castelão, which is a difficult grape variety in other regions, but finds its fullness in the sandy soils of the Setúbal Peninsula, where it matures to perfection.
These are very versatile wines. They can be consumed all year round and are perfect with a wide variety of dishes, from poultry to red meats and cheeses.
Sparkling wines are produced in the cooler climates of Portugal. In Bairrada, sparkling wines have a great reputation, made from the pressing of the Baga or Touriga Nacional variety or the fragrant Maria Gomes, Arinto, Bical and sometimes Chardonnay.
The cold, high-altitude region of Távora-Varosa, south of the Douro and north of the Dão, produces sparkling wines from Malvasia Fina and, increasingly, from typical Champagne varieties - Chardonnay and Pinot Noir.
Refreshing in the summer heat and warm in the winter cold, sparkling wines are perfect for fish and seafood. They are also an ideal choice for seasoned salads - their acidity and delicate sweetness blend perfectly with vinaigrette. The natural sweetness of vegetable dishes also pairs well with the sweetness of sparkling wines.
Port wine are divided into three main families: white, tawny and ruby. The first is made from white grapes and the other two from red grapes. The white port has colors that can vary from pale white to amber shades.
Tawny can have hues between amber and brown. Their taste is reminiscent of nuts and dried figs thanks to years of slow and controlled oxidation in large barrels or vats.
They are presented under two names: Colheita (where the date of harvest is specified) or Indicação de Idade (with the number of decades that make up the blend of wine and which can range from 10 to 40 years). The higher the age indication, the more alcoholic the Tawny.
Harvested and aged Tawny's wines should be served chilled, whether in summer or winter. They can be enjoyed as an aperitif or at the end of a meal. The 10 and 20 year old Tawny wines are best with cheese from the Serra da Estrela.
Ruby Ports, of which Vintage is the top category on the scale, are full of color and slightly sweeter and fruitier than Tawny.
The Vintage must be stored for years for its astringent tannins to soften and it can be drunk. Today, the alcohol used to stop the fermentation of Port is of very high quality and modern methods used in vineyards, cellars and wineries produce a more balanced, less astringent Vintage Port that can be drunk within a few years of harvest. However, if the wine continues to age in the bottle, it will become even more complex. There are many other categories of Port wine, such as Crusted, LBV, Reserve and Ruby.
Ruby is drunk at medium temperature and goes well with cheese, dark chocolate and coffee sweets.
Madeira is a wine that undergoes an aging process through heat and oxidation. Today, its traditional production is reduced, it is possible to buy bottles of Madeira and very complex old wines produced from indigenous white grapes.
Wines are designated by their grape variety and by their sugar level. The sweetness of Madeira varies from dry to sweet. In ascending order of sweetness, Madeira is produced with the white varieties: Sercial, Terrantez, Verdelho, Boal and Malvasia. The red variety, Tinta Negra, is used for all types of sweetness through the same process of heating and oxidation.
The Moscatel grape produces a sweet fortified wine in the Douro region and also in the Setúbal peninsula. Most Moscatel wines are sold young and fruity, but with age, the wine takes on flavors of nuts and figs. Moscatel de Setúbal can only be called so if at least 85% of the wine is made from Moscatel, Moscatel de Setúbal or Moscatel Roxo (a rare grape variety that is slightly different from other Moscatel varieties).
The orange, lemon, flower and grape aromas of Moscatel wine are perfect partners for desserts and puddings - sweet dishes flavored with citrus, coffee, chocolate, hazelnuts, almonds, rice pudding, cream pies and all the egg and sugar sweets that Portuguese Convent Confectionery offers. Moscatel is also a good choice for Pavlova and other desserts with meringues.
Fortified wines from the Azores are produced in small quantities and most are consumed locally. Not all are fortified - if the grapes naturally reach the minimum 16% alcohol content, they are used to produce still wines.
The wines are made from Verdelho, Arinto and Terrantez and undergo a slow and long maturation in wood. Like Madeira, Pico and Biscoitos have a slight nutty and citrus flavor. The sweetness can be dry, medium or sweet.
Pico e os Biscoitos can be drunk chilled as an aperitif or with cheese, nuts or canapés at the end of the meal.
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The absolute best Pasteis de Nata, a traditional Portuguese pastry, can be found in Lisbon and are best enjoyed fresh and warm on the spot.
Undoubtedly, the most famous spot for these delicious treats is the "Pasteis de Belem" bakery, which was founded in 1837 and remains open in Lisbon today. Upon arrival, the long queue that stretches down the sidewalk from the moment the shop opens until it closes speaks to its immense popularity. A visit to this bakery during your stay will make it immediately clear why it's so beloved by locals and tourists alike.
Here is their website (in english)
Pasteis de Nata - Credit Pasteis de Belem
Although you may come across Pasteis de Nata in pastry shops, supermarkets, and even airports, it's recommended not to buy them as they won't compare to the ones from "Pasteis de Belem".
If you're a fan of these delectable treats and miss their taste, it's worth trying to make them at home using the best Portuguese recipe, which I can help translate for you. Keep in mind that it may not be easy, but it's certainly worth the effort!
Ingredients (10 to 12 Pasteis)
It is best to make your own puff pastry, however, to save time, you can use an already prepared pastry. In this case, choose an artisanal quality paste.
Making the dough
If you have tasted Pasteis de Nata from Bélem, you have noticed the crispness of the dough. To obtain it at home, do not spread the rectangle of dough directly in the moulds but roll the dough on itself so that you will be able to cut it into sections that will give a much crisper pastry after baking.
Making the custard
Assembling and baking
During World War II, Estoril became a haven for international spies and exiled European royalty, including the Duke of Windsor, the Spanish royal family, the king of Romania, Zsa Zsa Gabor, Leslie Howard, Ian Fleming, Dušan Popov, and Garbo.
This unique atmosphere and cast of characters in Estoril served as inspiration for the creation of the James Bond character by Ian Fleming.
During World War II, Portugal was under the authoritarian rule of António de Oliveira Salazar's regime, known as the Estado Novo. To learn more about Salazar and other famous Portuguese figures, please visit our article: "11 Famous Portuguese People You've Probably Heard Of."
During World War II, Portugal declared its neutrality by signing a non-aggression treaty with Franco's Spain and refusing to join the alliance between Germany, Italy, and Japan. António de Oliveira Salazar, the leader of the authoritarian political regime in Portugal at the time, did not want to upset either England or Nazi Germany.
He promised the British that he would not take any action against Jews in Portugal, but at the same time, he prohibited the granting of visas to those being hunted by the Nazi regime.
However, Aristides de Sousa Mendes, Consul of Portugal in Bordeaux, defied these orders and granted over 30,000 visas to Jews of all nationalities.
During the 20th century, Portugal became a refuge for a diverse group of people fleeing persecution, including exiled statesmen, writers, artists, thinkers, and businessmen. The area of Cascais-Estoril was particularly popular due to the many hotels and pensions available.
Among the notable individuals who sought refuge in Estoril were the Duke of Windsor, the Spanish royal family, the King of Romania, Carol II, and the Regent of Hungary, Miklós Horthy, as well as less savory characters.
This influx of refugees was particularly significant during World War II when Portugal maintained its neutrality by signing a non-aggression treaty with Franco's Spain and refusing to join the Axis alliance.
To honor the memory of these refugees, the Exiles Memorial Area was inaugurated in 1999.
Lisbon and Estoril were known as the "capital of espionage" in several American reports due to the position of the Portuguese secret police, which maintained neutrality towards foreign espionage activities, as long as they did not interfere in Portuguese internal politics.
German spies attempted to purchase information on transatlantic cargo ships departing from Lisbon to aid their submarines during the Battle of the Atlantic.
Meanwhile, well-known figures such as actress Zsa Zsa Gabor and Leslie Howard settled in Estoril and collaborated with the Allies. Ian Fleming, a British naval intelligence officer, resided in the Palácio d'Estoril to oversee the English-German double agent, Dušan Popov.
In Estoril, the Germans selected the Hotel Atlântico, the Grande Hotel do Monte Estoril, and the Hotel do Parque as their bases.
while the Grande Hotel da Itália, in Monte Estoril, and the Palácio Hotel are favorites of the Allies.
Dušan Popov was a spy recruited by the German Abwehr to gather intelligence in the United Kingdom, but he also provided a mix of accurate and false information to the British secret service. He frequently traveled to Portugal, where his German contact would meet him at the Hotel Palacio casino in Estoril.
Ian Fleming, a British naval intelligence officer, was stationed in Portugal during World War II and was responsible for keeping an eye on the activities of Dušan Popov, a double agent working for both the Abwehr and the British intelligence services. Fleming was staying at the Hotel Palacio in Estoril, where Popov was known to frequent for meetings with his German liaison officer.
One night, Popov managed to bluff his way to victory at baccarat, convincing a boastful Lithuanian to bet against him with the 38,000 dollars of his mission expenses on a single deal. This incident served as inspiration for Fleming's first James Bond novel, "Casino Royale".
Popov's success as a double agent during WWII and Fleming's experience in Portugal would eventually inspire the James Bond character and series. In fact, the Hotel Palácio d'Estoril, where Fleming stayed and where Popov was contacted by his German liaison officer, would become a location in Fleming's novel "On Her Majesty's Secret Service".
The novel was later adapted into a James Bond film of the same name, which was filmed in the hotel in 1969.
Garbo, whose real name was Joan Pujol Garcia, is widely regarded as the most successful double agent of World War II. He convinced the Germans that he was spying for them in England, when in reality he was in Portugal, feeding them fabricated information. As a result of his deception, he was awarded the German Iron Cross in July of 1944.
In reality, Garbo's mission with MI5 was to spread false information to the Abwehr about the Normandy landings. He made the Nazis believe that the landings were only a decoy, and that the real landing would take place two weeks later in the Pas de Calais.
For this successful operation, Garbo was awarded the Order of the British Empire by King George VI in November 1944.
Estoril was a hub for espionage during World War II and was home to many double agents who deceived both sides. While some, like Garbo and Popov, were successful, many were eventually discovered and met their demise.
Leslie Howard, a well-known American actor and director, was suspected of collaborating with the secret services and was targeted by German fighters while on a plane leaving Lisbon. The attack resulted in his death, as well as the death of Tyrell Shervington, director of Shell in Lisbon and a close associate of the British secret service.
Many of the places that saw German, British and American spies walk around still exist in Estoril. The Cascais Tourist Office publishes a small guide to help you discover them. Here it is, but it is also available on the website www.visitcascais.com
In 1939, the "Atlantico" hotel, which is now known as the Intercontinental Hotel, was purchased by a German industrialist named Wortus. It soon became a hub of operations for German spies who utilized its strategic location overlooking the sea to monitor maritime traffic to the port of Lisbon. However, due to the scarcity of accommodation, some Jewish families also sought refuge in the hotel, causing considerable tension between the spies and the refugees.
Hôtel Atlantico (Lado do mar) - Monte Estoril
The Hotel Palácio stands out among the few hotels that have managed to preserve their original style. During World War II, the lounge of this hotel was a popular spot for the allies, and their spies often discussed sensitive matters in a loud tone. However, hidden microphones were discovered on the walls, under carpets, and even in lamps, indicating that the Germans were also eavesdropping on their conversations. Ian Fleming, who was a British intelligence officer, was a regular patron of the bar and casino at the Hotel Palácio.
The former hotel, which was a preferred location for German spies to monitor their enemies, has now been replaced by luxury residences. Wilhelm Lorenz, another German spy who used the German Diplomatic Delegation in Portugal to communicate with ships at sea, also resided in the same area.
In 1940, the Monument to the Discoveries, designed by the architect Cottinelli Telmo and the sculptor Leopoldo de Almeida, was erected for the first time in an ephemeral manner and built in plaster around a light structure of iron and cement.
Padrão dos Descobrimentos 1940
In 1960, to commemorate the 500th anniversary of the death of Henry the Navigator, the monument was rebuilt with pink stone from Leiria and limestone from Sintra for the sculptures. It was remodeled in 1985 by the architect Fernando Ramalho, who added a belvedere, an auditorium and exhibition rooms.
Today, the Padrão dos Descobrimentos, a must-see monument in the Lisbon landscape, is visited by millions of tourists every year. Few of them, however, wonder about the identity and contribution of the 33 figures that appear there
In Portugal, explorations began very early. As early as 1325, King Alfonso IV of Portugal encouraged maritime trade and launched the first expeditions. But it was not until 1414 and the capture of Ceuta in Morocco that the Portuguese embarked on major explorations designed to compete with land-based trade routes across the Sahara.
In less than a century, the entire globe was covered by new maritime routes. More than 50 Portuguese navigators distinguished themselves in their discoveries, but history will mainly remember the names of Henry the Navigator, Bartolomeu Dias, Vasco de Gama and Magellan.
The Padrão dos Descobrimentos (Monument to the Discoveries) honors the men who participated in the great Portuguese discoveries during the last century. It represents a stylized caravel that sets sail with the infant D. Henrique, nicknamed Henry the Navigator, at the bow and 32 protagonists of the Portuguese expansion overseas.
There are navigators, cartographers, warriors, colonizers, evangelizers, chroniclers and artists. We have made a tour of this monument, here are the names of the 32 contributors to the great Portuguese discoveries that are represented there.
Peter of Portugal, 1st Duke of Coimbra, nicknamed the Infant of the Seven Parts of the World because of his incessant travels around the world. In 1415, he accompanied his father in the conquest of Ceuta, whose capture marked the beginning of the great Portuguese discoveries.
O Infante Pedro, Duque de Coimbra - Credit Luís Pavão
Sister of King Henry IV of England, wife of John I of Portugal at the end of the 14th century, she brought to Portugal the name of Lancaster and was the source of a progeny with particular intellectual qualities, nicknamed the "illustrious generation" by the poet Luís de Camões
Fernão Mendes Pinto was a Portuguese writer, soldier, diplomat, adventurer and explorer. He was probably one of the first Europeans to set foot on Japanese soil.
Brother Gonçalo de Carvalho is a Portuguese religious of the Dominican order. He is distinguished by his work in India, where he has created many Catholic communities.
Portuguese poet of the 15th century author in particular of the national epic of the Lusiades associated with the birth of the Portuguese national feeling.
If you want to know more about Luís Vaz de Camões, don't hesitate to read our blog post about the 11 world-famous Portuguese writers and if you have a little more time, read his main work "Les luisiades".
Official painter of King Alfonso V in the 15th century, he painted the Portuguese nobility and the King's court in its habits and customs. Unfortunately, none of Nuno Gonçalves' works remain.
Portuguese historian of the 15th century, author of the "Chronicles of Guinea" for King Alfonso V, a synthesis of the accounts of the explorations along the African coast.
Portuguese diplomat and explorer in the service of King John II of Portugal in the 15th century, he traveled to Africa and India gathering a wealth of information that helped prepare the expedition of Vasco da Gama.
Cartographer born on the island of Majorca, he was one of the masters and scholars that Henry the navigator surrounded himself with. It is him who trains the first cartographers of Portugal.
Portuguese explorer of the 15th century, he discovered the islands of São Tomé and Principe. He participated in Vasco de Gama's expedition in 1497 and in Cabral's expedition during the discovery of Brazil in 1500.
Mathematician, geometer and cosmographer, his cartographic work proved to be of crucial importance at the time of the Great Discoveries. He developed several instruments for locating at sea and measuring angles, including the nonius, a primitive version of the vernier.
Portuguese explorer of the 15th century, he accompanied Bartolomeu Dias during his voyage around the Cape of Good Hope in 1487/1488.
Portuguese explorer of the 15th century, he was the first European to reach Cape Bojador, today Cape Boujdour, in Western Sahara.
Portuguese explorer of the 15th century, knight of the Order of Christ of the House of Henry the Navigator, he approached the island of Madeira, undertook its colonization and founded Funchal and Machico
Son of John I, king of Portugal in the 15th century, he was captured in Tangier during a crusade in Muslim lands. His death in captivity aroused great emotion in the European courts. The misfortunes of this Prince are the subject of many legends.
King of Portugal in the 15th century, he was nicknamed "the African" because of his conquests in North Africa. He supported Henry the Navigator in the resumption of his explorations.
One of the greatest Portuguese navigators of the 15th century, considered the first European to arrive in India by sea, rounding the Cape of Good Hope in 1498.
If you want to know more about Vasco da Gama, feel free to read our blog post about the 11 world famous Portuguese
Portuguese nobleman, navigator and explorer, he was one of the first settlers of Terceira, in the Azores archipelago.
Portuguese navigator of the late 15th and early 16th century, he was a fleet commander, commissioned by King Manuel Iᵉʳ of Portugal to go to the East Indies and continue the work of Vasco da Gama. He is the Portuguese explorer who takes possession of Brazil.
Fernando de Magellan, Portuguese explorer of the end of the 15th and beginning of the 16th century, was the first navigator to circumnavigate the world by the west.
If you want to know more about Magellan, feel free to read our blog post about the 11 world famous Portuguese
Portuguese navigator of the end of the 15th century, he commanded one of the three ships of the first Portuguese expedition to the Indies, and was the first Portuguese to set foot in Brazil during the 1500 expedition of Pedro Álvares Cabral.
Portuguese explorer of the early 16th century, he discovered Greenland, Labrador and Newfoundland before disappearing at sea. His brother, who went in search of him, also disappeared at sea.
Portuguese captain of the early 16th century, he acted as an administrator in Brazil and the Indies on behalf of the Portuguese crown.
Portuguese historian, writer and linguist of the early 16th century, he led several expeditions to Brazil and wrote chronicles of the great Portuguese explorations.
João de Barros - Credit Luís Pavão
Portuguese navigator and diplomat of the 16th century. He was governor of the Portuguese Gold Coast and then of Portuguese India from 1540 to 1542.
Portuguese explorer of the end of the 15th century, he is the first European navigator to have passed the southern tip of Africa.
If you want to know more about Bartolomeu Dias, feel free to read our blog post about the 11 world famous Portuguese
Portuguese explorer of the second half of the 15th century, he explored the Atlantic coast of Africa and was the first to place Padrão, stone markers marking the Portuguese territory.
Portuguese explorer of the beginning of the 16th century, he participated in several expeditions and then, at the head of 3 ships he discovered Timor.
Portuguese soldier, navigator, explorer, and then politician of the 15ᵉ and 16ᵉ centuries. He was governor of the Portuguese Indies from 1509 to 1515 and one of the great figures of Portuguese expansion in the East
A 16th century missionary, he landed in Goa, a Portuguese trading post, and created the first school run by a Jesuit: Saint Paul's College. He was canonized in 1622.
Son of Vasco de Gama, he was a Portuguese soldier who led an army on an expedition to Ethiopia against the Adalite army. He was victorious in four battles against much larger forces, before being defeated, captured and beheaded.
]]>From the north to the south of the Algarve, passing through the Alentejo, the landscapes, varied and numerous, merge around medieval sceneries, ancient cities and picturesque villages.
Each part of the country has its share of surprising places. If you come to Portugal on vacation, bring flip-flops and walking shoes, because there is a lot to visit!
Unusual visits: here are 7 incredible places not to be missed in Portugal!
This magnificent colored palace perched on the heights of Sintra is without a doubt one of the most beautiful places in Portugal! Built in the 19th century, it is not for its age that the palace is famous, but for its architecture and its atypical colors.
Located in the heart of a 200-hectare park, the Pena Palace is known throughout the world for its bright yellow and red colors, its decorative walls and its breathtaking views.
Last residence of the last queen of Portugal, Queen Amelie of Orleans, the interior of the palace of Pena also opens its doors to tourists and lets us glimpse the mores of the Portuguese monarchs.
It is an unusual visit, but undoubtedly emblematic of vacations in Portugal.
Algarve, a region in the south of Portugal, is famous for its turquoise blue water, its traditional fishing villages, the diversity of its landscapes and its breathtaking coastline.
Albufeira Portugal - Credit seabooking
In the middle of the sandy beaches are hidden some of the most beautiful rocks and caves in Europe. This is the case of the Benagil cave, located between Portimão and Albufeira.
This absolutely unique sea cave is not accessible from any beach. To explore it, we recommend booking a tour of the most beautiful caves on the Benagil coast by kayak.
More respectful of the marine fauna and flora than motor boats, which are very numerous in the caves, a kayak trip is an opportunity to discover the treasures of the coastline in a completely unusual way!
Coimbra is known as the university city of Portugal. In fact, the University of Coimbra is the oldest university in Portugal and among the oldest in Europe.
Located within the university: the Joanina Library. This atypical library is considered one of the richest baroque libraries in Europe.
Forbidden to photographs, it is an unusual place where one can take full advantage of a sumptuous space and historical archives. Also called "the jewel of Coimbra", the university library gathers in the same space a priceless literary treasure and an incredible architecture of the beginning of the 18th century.
If you are looking for the typical colors of Portugal, you will definitely find them in Costa Nova! A few kilometers from Aveiro, Costa Nova is a small, quiet and very colorful town.
The Covão dos Conchos lake is an unusual little spot in the heart of the Portuguese mountains. Built at an altitude of almost 2000 meters in the Serra da Estrela, this lake is used for the exploitation of a hydraulic dam.
Covão dos Conchos
Its particularity? In the middle of the lake, you can admire one of the most unusual views of the Serra: a kind of aquatic well in which the water of the lake rushes in a spectacular way!
If its name makes one think of a macabre and mystical place, the Chapel of the Bones of Évora (or Capella dos Ossos) is more a very unusual place. Indeed, this small and unpretentious chapel was built with the bones of hundreds of dead people in the 16th century.
No less than 5,000 bones are frozen in place of the walls, ceiling and columns, and a Portuguese inscription at the entrance reads "We, the bones here, await yours."
This unusual experience will certainly give you chills!
Cromeleque des Almendres is the most important megalithic complex of the whole Iberian Peninsula. Located in the district of Évora, this place houses the oldest stone circle in Europe.
The stone circles are mostly known in Scotland and England, but Portugal also has its own. Probably built for spiritual and ceremonial reasons, no less than 95 dolmens have been arranged in two concentric circles.
This spectacular set of monoliths was only discovered in 1966 and is one of the most unusual attractions in Portugal!
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Ingredients (4 people)
Preparation
Obviously, the ideal is to use a real Portuguese copper Cataplana. Firstly because copper diffuses the heat very well and allows a gentle cooking that does not alter the ingredients. Secondly, because the Cataplana used to prepare and cook the dish is presented at the table and adds authenticity to your creation.
As with any Cataplana recipe, there is no list of ingredients or quantities to be strictly adhered to. Feel free to adjust this list according to your tastes and the availability of ingredients.
Ingredients (4 people)
Preparation
Ingredients (4 people)
Preparation
Our Cataplanas are available in copper or stainless steel. They are also available in several sizes from 2 place settings to 10 place settings.
Chef Vitor Sobral, author of this recipe, is a major reference in Portuguese gastronomy. Known for his unique way of interpreting and modernizing traditional Portuguese dishes, he is a master in the art of preserving the typical Portuguese spices and flavors.
Ingredients (4 people)
Preparation
For this recipe as well, you can let your creativity run free. For my part, I replace the potatoes by sweet potatoes whose sweeter taste goes better with the octopus.
Ingredients (4 people)
Preparation
This phenomenon occurred in the 15th century with Vasco da Gama and persists into the 21st century with Cristiano Ronaldo. Let's acquaint ourselves with these 11 distinguished Portuguese figures.
Henry was born as a Portuguese prince, the third son of King John I of Portugal. In 1414, his father assigned him the task of conquering Ceuta in Morocco to put an end to the continuous harassment of the Portuguese coast by Moorish pirates.
After successfully capturing the city, Henry uncovered the wealth that had accumulated in Ceuta through the trade routes of the Sahara.
Upon returning to Portugal in 1416, Henry established himself on the Sagres peninsula, where he devoted himself continuously to consolidating all the maritime knowledge of the era. The port of Lagos underwent a transformation into a shipbuilding center, complete with an observatory dedicated to refining the sails of caravels and advancing the art of navigation.
In 1420, Henry assumed the role of Governor of the Order of Christ, the Portuguese counterpart to the Order of the Temple (Templars), gaining access to essential financial resources. This marked the beginning of the great explorations, as Henry dispatched his initial fleet of ships.
In 1427, Diogo de Silves, one of its captains, discovered the Azores which were quickly colonized.
In 1434, Gil Eanes passed Cape Bodajor which was the furthest point known to Europeans on the African coast.
In 1444, Dinis Dias (father of Bartolomeu Dias) passed Cape Verde and crossed the southern limit of the desert thus bypassing the commercial routes held by the Muslims and offering direct access to slaves and gold from Mauritania.
Starting in 1452, significant quantities of gold began flowing through this maritime route, and the initial Portuguese cruzados, coined during this period, competed with Italian ducats, establishing themselves as an accepted currency in both the Christian and Muslim worlds.
In 1460, Henry passed away in Sagres without any descendants. Despite never personally embarking on any voyages or making discoveries, his legacy proved instrumental. Less than 30 years after his death, leveraging the advancements and techniques pioneered by Henry, Bartolomeu Dias successfully navigated the Cape of Good Hope, Vasco de Gama reached India, and Christopher Columbus, inspired by the Portuguese successes, discovered America.
Bartolomeu Dias, the son of Dinis Dias, who was one of the captains under Henry the Navigator and the first to navigate Cape Verde, started his career as a young man by studying mathematics and astronomy.
However, King John II of Portugal soon entrusted him with the significant task of leading explorations along the African coast. The objective was to establish a maritime route to India, as the traditional land routes were now controlled by the Turks following the capture of Constantinople.
In 1487, Bartolomeu Dias successfully navigated the coast of present-day Namibia, reaching the southernmost point documented on maps from previous expeditions. Continuing southward, he encountered a fierce storm that led to 13 days of aimless wandering in the Atlantic Ocean.
Utilizing the Antarctic winds and sailing northeast, Dias eventually reached the coastline 800 km east of the Cape of Good Hope, unwittingly passing it in the open sea. Intent on continuing his journey to India and the East, he informed the crews of his three ships. However, facing a revolt, the crews insisted on returning to Portugal via the western route. Consequently, Dias crossed the Cape of Good Hope from east to west.
Upon his return to Lisbon in 1488, deeply affected by the tumultuous 13 days in the Atlantic, he named the cape the "Cape of Storms." However, King John II later renamed it the "Cape of Good Hope," hopeful that this discovery would finally open a sea route to India.
In 1497, Bartolomeu Dias accompanied Vasco de Gama on his historic voyage to discover the sea route to the Indies. In 1500, he joined Pedro Alvares Cabral on the famous expedition that resulted in the Portuguese taking possession of Brazil.
Continuing his journey to India, Bartolomeu Dias faced yet another storm near the Cape of Good Hope in 1500 and tragically disappeared at sea.
Vasco da Gama was born into the Portuguese nobility in Sines. During his youth, he traveled to Évora to pursue studies in mathematics, astronomy, and navigation. In 1480, he became a member of the Order of Santiago, led by the future King of Portugal, John II of Portugal, alongside his father.
Vasco de Gama
In 1492, Vasco de Gama, on a mission from the King to Setúbal, took action against French ships anchored there as a reprisal for their transgressions in Portuguese waters.
In 1497, the king entrusted him with four ships and 200 men for the definitive establishment of the maritime route to the Indies. Gama sailed off the coast of Brazil and then followed the African coast, tracing the trading posts established by Bartolomeu Dias. Crossing the Cape of Good Hope, he landed in May 1498 on the shores of Kappad in India.
Although his voyage successfully established the connection to India, it proved to be a commercial failure. The Zamorin of Calicut, a City-State in India, denied him the commercial advantages he sought, leading to his departure three months later, taking hostages for his safety.
Despite the setbacks, upon his return, Gama was honored, recognized as the discoverer of the maritime route to India, and appointed Admiral of India by the King.
In 1502, he set sail from Portugal with a fleet of 20 ships laden with goods. This expedition turned violent with ship assaults, the murder of pilgrims en route to Mecca, and the bombardment of the port of Calicut. Despite these actions, the Zamorin of Calicut did not submit, the promised Christians in the Indies remained elusive, and the hope of finding the Kingdom of the Priest John faded.
This expedition marked the inception of the Portuguese colonial empire, leading to displeasure from King Manuel I, who condemned the nobility favoring mercantilism over the Christian mission. Vasco de Gama fell out of favor and endured a 20-year disgrace until the new King of Portugal, John III, appointed him Viceroy of the Indies. In 1524, he embarked on his third voyage but passed away shortly after his arrival.
Ferdinand Magellan was born in 1480 in Porto, into a family of the Portuguese nobility. In his early years, his father secured his admission to the court of Queen Eleanor of Viseu, where he received education in navigation and astronomy.
Appointed as a pensioner of the king's household on the fleet commanded by Francisco de Almeida, Ferdinand Magellan departed from Lisbon in 1505 bound for the Indies. He participated in various battles and engaged in the pepper trade before returning to Lisbon in 1513.
Shortly after, Magellan was dispatched to Morocco as part of the Portuguese troops assigned to capture Azemmour. Accused of illicit trade with the Moors and dissatisfied with the lack of recognition for his trade endeavors, he petitioned the Portuguese King to release him from his obligations.
Subsequently, he offered his services to the young King of Spain, Charles V, who was only 18 years old at the time. Magellan proposed to open the spice route from the West, providing a new trade route that wouldn't strain relations with the Portuguese neighbors sailing to the East.
A fleet of five ships was entrusted to Magellan, setting sail from Seville on August 10, 1519. The crews comprised Spaniards, as well as Portuguese, Italians, Greeks, and French. Of the 237 men in these crews, only 35 survived to complete the first circumnavigation of the globe.
The main events that take place during these 3 years of expedition are the following:
1519.08.15: The fleet of 5 ships and 237 men of crew leaves the port of Seville.
1519.12.13: After a brief stop in the Canary Islands, the fleet disembarked in the bay of Santa Lucia in Brazil, today known as Rio de Janeiro.
1520.03.31: In his attempt to bypass South America, surprised by the cold, Magellan decided to winter in Argentina in Puerto San Julián.
1520.04.01: Doubting the existence of a passage to the West and their chances of survival in the southern cold, part of the fleet mutinies. Magelan nevertheless kept control of the situation and after a few fights sentenced 40 sailors to death. The sentence was not carried out because it would have jeopardized the continuation of the voyage.
1520.05.03: Magellan decided to send one of his ships in recognition but the Santiago was wrecked. Three months later, Magellan decided to resume his route towards the south with the 4 remaining ships.
1520.10.21: Magellan saw a Cape which marked the entrance of a passage towards the West: the Cape of the Virgins. It will take him more than one month to cross this passage surrounded by cliffs.
1520.11.08: In the middle of the passage leading to the west, the pilot of the San Antonio rebelled against his Captain, dragged the crew into the mutiny, deserted and made his way to Seville carrying his cargo of food and goods.
1520.11.28: Magellan, at the head of the 3 remaining ships enters the Pacific Ocean. Magellan did not underestimate the immensity of this ocean, on the other hand, to his great surprise, it is empty. In fact, by lack of chance, he will never cross one of the numerous islands which are present there.
1521.03.06: After 4 months of navigation, reached by the scurvy, close to the famine, the 3 ships reach the Marianas where the crews can disembark and refuel after having been plundered by the natives come to their meeting.
1521.04.27: Magellan moved his 3 ships to the island of Cebu where the King willingly converted to Christianity with his people. His neighbor, the King of the island of Mactan refused to submit. Magellan then undertook an expedition during which he succumbed to a wound caused by a poisoned arrow.
1521.05.02: It is from now on Juan Sebastian Elcano who commands the expedition but only 113 men are still alive and valid what is insufficient to handle 3 ships. The commander then resigns himself to burn the Concepcion. The 2 other ships take the wide.
1521.11.08: The 2 ships landed on the shores of the Moluccan islands known to the Portuguese for more than 15 years. The ships were loaded with spices but only the Victoria left the anchorage. The Trinidad, victim of a leak, was forced to stay on site for repairs.
1521.09.06: Under the command of Elcano, the Victoria docked in Sanlucar de Barrameda in Spain after crossing the Indian Ocean and rounding the Cape of Good Hope. Only 18 men were on board, the stopovers in the Portuguese trading posts having taken their toll of prisoners.
The Victoria was the first ship to successfully complete a full circumnavigation of the globe, accomplishing this historic feat. However, despite this achievement, the expedition proved to be an economic disaster, yielding minimal political benefits. Consequently, the route to the Indies via the west was abandoned.
It wasn't until 58 years later, with the expedition led by Francis Drake, that a second circumnavigation of the globe was achieved, this time using the Strait of Magellan to reach the Pacific Ocean. It is worth noting that the political and economic outcomes of this second expedition were more favorable.
The satisfactory solution to the passage from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean awaited the construction of the Panama Canal, completed in 1914. This engineering marvel provided a more efficient and direct route for maritime trade and navigation between the two oceans.
Luís Vaz de Camões, a distinguished Portuguese poet, was born around 1525 and passed away in 1580 in Lisbon. Camões holds a revered place in Portuguese culture, and his legacy is so celebrated that the day of his death has been designated as the Portuguese national holiday.
Admirers of literature often draw comparisons between Camões and renowned figures like Virgil, Dante, or Shakespeare, highlighting his significant influence and impact on Portuguese literary heritage.
Luís Vaz de Camões' most renowned work is the national epic "Os Lusíadas" (The Lusiads), published in 1572. Through the epic tale of Vasco da Gama's journey to India, Camões leads readers on a collective voyage that reconnects with a past filled with glories, aiming to inspire future generations.
The narrative of adventure, discovery, and the embrace of knowledge, the world, and modernity prompts a profound reflection on the spirit of the Portuguese people. Camões poses questions that resonate through the verses: Who are the Portuguese? How can the Portuguese people be defined? Is there a historical mission for the Portuguese people? What sets them apart and makes them unique?
In exploring these themes, "Os Lusíadas" becomes more than a literary masterpiece; it transforms into a philosophical and introspective exploration of the Portuguese identity and their place in the historical narrative. The epic serves as a source of inspiration and contemplation, inviting readers to ponder the essence and destiny of the Portuguese people.
Undoubtedly, an esteemed national symbol, Luís Vaz de Camões is commemorated annually on June 10, the anniversary of his death, which is recognized as a public holiday in Portugal.
His legacy is further celebrated through numerous squares, streets, libraries, and theaters across the country that bear his name. This widespread recognition underscores the enduring impact and cultural significance of Camões in the hearts and minds of the Portuguese people, solidifying his place as a revered figure in the nation's history and literary heritage.
Fernando António Nogueira Pessoa, a Portuguese writer, was born in 1888 and passed away in 1935 in Lisbon. Living during a tumultuous era marked by war and dictatorships, Pessoa emerged as a committed writer whose poetic prose played a pivotal role in initiating modernism in Portugal.
His innovative and influential contributions to literature continue to resonate, solidifying his position as a key figure in the cultural and literary landscape of Portugal.
In 1901, at the tender age of 13, Fernando Pessoa penned his first poems in English. Subsequently, in 1903, Pessoa found himself alone in South Africa and enrolled at the University of Cape Town. He returned to Portugal in 1905, briefly attending the Faculty of Letters before abandoning his studies to dedicate more time to reading and writing.
In 1912, Pessoa made his literary debut as both a critic and poet. By 1915, he assumed a leadership role in the "Orpheu" magazine, heading a group of influential poets that included some of the most renowned figures from Portugal and Brazil. "Orpheu" staunchly advocated for freedom of expression during a period of intense political and social instability in Portugal. Pessoa's involvement in the magazine marked a significant chapter in the cultural and literary landscape, showcasing his commitment to pushing artistic boundaries and challenging societal norms.
Indeed, "Orpheu" magazine served as a platform for Fernando Pessoa to publish poems that provoked strong reactions within the conservative society of the time. Two particular poems, "Triumphal Ode" and "Opiário," which he wrote under a pseudonym, stirred significant controversy and scandal.
The poems elicited violent reactions from the public, and Pessoa, as their author, found himself labeled as a lunatic by passersby on the streets. This underscores Pessoa's willingness to challenge societal norms and push the boundaries of expression, even at the cost of facing public disapproval and social ostracism.
In "Mensagem" (1934), Fernando Pessoa adopts a mystical nationalist perspective as he reinterprets "Os Lusíadas" by Luís Vaz de Camões. In this work, Pessoa advocates for the return of King D. Sebastião, who perished in Africa in 1578, envisioning his return as a means to restore Portugal and usher in the Fifth Empire.
Tragically, Fernando Pessoa passed away in Lisbon, Portugal, on November 30, 1935, succumbing to cirrhosis of the liver. His literary legacy endures, leaving an indelible mark on Portuguese literature and modernist thought.
José de Sousa Saramago was indeed a prominent Portuguese writer and journalist, born in 1922 and passing away in 2010. Notably, he is the only Portuguese-speaking author to have been awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature, receiving the honor in 1998.
Saramago's novel "Blindness" holds a distinguished place on the list of the 100 best books of all time compiled by the prestigious Norwegian Book Circle. His works often feature unique narrative styles and explore profound themes, making him a celebrated figure in world literature.
José Saramago, born into a family of humble origins, faced the necessity to abandon his studies in Lisbon early on. He took on various jobs to make a living before eventually venturing into a career in journalism. His initial novel, "Land of Sin" (Terra do Pecado), dedicated to his native region, was published in 1947. However, it took more than two decades for him to establish himself in the literary world.
Following the fall of the Salazar regime in 1974, Saramago was appointed as the head of the daily newspaper Diário de Notícias. However, his tenure was short-lived as he was dismissed a year later. The year 1975 marked the beginning of his life as a full-time writer.
From that point onward, Saramago's literary production remained consistent and prolific until his passing. In 1982, "Baltasar and Blimunda" (Memorial do Convento) brought him international acclaim at the age of 60. Saramago became a highly successful writer, with his books being widely sold and translated into 25 languages, solidifying his reputation as a literary figure of global significance.
In 1991, José Saramago published "The Gospel According to Jesus Christ" (O Evangelho Segundo Jesus Cristo). However, the novel stirred controversy and was removed from the selection list for European literary prizes due to its perceived offense to religion. In response to this act of political censorship, Saramago went into self-imposed exile on the Spanish island of Lanzarote. There, he continued his literary work until his passing on June 18, 2010.
Despite the challenges he faced, Saramago's literary contributions were recognized on the global stage. In 1998, he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature. The Nobel Committee praised him for creating "an elusive reality constantly tangible again in a work of unsuspected depths and in the service of wisdom" through his parables sustained by imagination, compassion, and irony. Saramago's legacy endures as a testament to his unique literary voice and his unwavering commitment to artistic expression.
Amália Rodrigues, born in 1920, is revered as a legendary Portuguese Fado singer. Over her lifetime, she recorded an extensive catalog of more than 170 albums. Recognized as the "Queen of Fado" (Rainha do Fado), Amália's influence transcended national boundaries, making her a significant cultural ambassador for Portugal.
Fado is a traditional Portuguese music genre characterized by its poignant lyrics and melancholic melodies, often expressing themes of longing, fate, and nostalgia. Amália Rodrigues' powerful and emotive interpretations of Fado songs earned her widespread acclaim, establishing her as an iconic figure in Portuguese music.
Her impact on Fado and her role in promoting Portuguese culture worldwide have solidified her legacy as one of the most celebrated and influential voices in the history of Portuguese music. Amália Rodrigues passed away in 1999, but her contributions to Fado continue to be cherished and remembered.
Amália Rodrigues experienced significant fame between 1950 and 1970, earning recognition as the "Queen of Fado." However, her association with the regime of the dictator António Salazar led to her sidelining for more than a decade following the Carnation Revolution in 1974.
Born in 1920 into a poor family in the Lisbon area, Amália started singing at the age of 9. Unfortunately, she had to leave school at 12 and began working in the fields. By the age of 19, she began performing in Lisbon, quickly gaining attention from prestigious Fado clubs and establishing herself among the great Fado singers.
Her international career took off two years later, as she performed in Spain, Brazil, and across South America. At 32, she became a celebrated artist in major cities like New York, London, and Paris, turning down offers from Hollywood studios to focus on her singing.
However, after the Carnation Revolution in 1974, Amália faced repercussions for her association with the Salazar regime, leading to a ban on her performances. She remained silent for 11 years. It wasn't until 1985, at the age of 65, that she made a triumphant return to the stage.
Five years later, in 1990, she was decorated and officially recognized by Mário Soares, the President of the Portuguese Republic. This marked a belated acknowledgment of her immense contribution to Portuguese music and culture.
Amália Rodrigues passed away in 1999 at the age of seventy-nine. Her death had a profound impact on the Portuguese people, prompting the declaration of a national mourning period lasting three days. During her funeral, hundreds of thousands of people from Lisbon and beyond flooded the streets to pay their final respects to the beloved "Queen of Fado."
Amália Rodrigues' legacy endures not only through her extensive body of work but also in the hearts and memories of the Portuguese people, who continue to hold her in high regard as a cultural icon and musical legend.
António de Oliveira Salazar, born in 1889 and passing away in 1970, was a Portuguese statesman who served as the Prime Minister of Portugal from 1932 to 1968. He ascended to power during the period of the National Dictatorship (Ditadura Nacional) and subsequently restructured it into the "New State" (Estado Novo), a form of corporatist regime that governed Portugal from 1933 to 1974.
Salazar's leadership was characterized by authoritarian rule, censorship, and a strong emphasis on nationalism. The Estado Novo regime was marked by centralized control, economic autarky, and a conservative social agenda. Salazar's policies aimed at maintaining political stability and economic order, and he maintained power through the suppression of dissent.
His rule lasted until 1968 when he suffered a stroke, and Marcelo Caetano succeeded him as Prime Minister. Salazar lived in seclusion until his death in 1970. The Estado Novo continued under Caetano until its collapse in the Carnation Revolution of 1974, which led to the establishment of a democratic government in Portugal.
António de Oliveira Salazar, initially an economist, entered political life as the Finance Minister for President Óscar Carmona. In just one year, he achieved significant economic accomplishments, balancing the budget and stabilizing the national currency.
Appointed as Prime Minister in 1932, Salazar introduced a civilian administration at a time when many other nations were increasingly militarizing their politics. However, Portugal remained largely underdeveloped, with a relatively poor population and lower educational levels compared to the rest of Europe.
Salazar held firm stances against internationalism, communism, fascism, and trade unionism, establishing a capitalist, conservative, and nationalist regime known as the "Estado Novo."
Under this regime, Salazar wielded political power through censorship and his secret police, the PIDE, which suppressed opposition. Portugal maintained neutrality during World War II, providing aid to the Allies.
Despite being a dictatorship, Salazar's regime played a role in the founding of several international organizations. Portugal was one of the twelve founding members of NATO, the European Free Trade Association, and the OECD. The regime was also marked by the beginning of colonial wars.
The Estado Novo collapsed four years after Salazar's death during the Carnation Revolution in 1974. The revolution marked the end of the authoritarian regime and paved the way for the establishment of a democratic government in Portugal.
Eusébio da Silva Ferreira, born in 1942 in Mozambique, which was a former Portuguese colony at the time, was a prominent Portuguese international footballer whose career spanned from the late 1950s to the late 1970s. Known by the nickname "O Pantera Negra" (The Black Panther), Eusébio is widely regarded as one of the greatest soccer players of all time.
Eusébio's exceptional skills, goal-scoring prowess, and speed on the field earned him acclaim and admiration. His notable achievements include winning the Ballon d'Or in 1965 and being the top scorer in the 1966 FIFA World Cup, where he led Portugal to a third-place finish. He spent the majority of his club career with S.L. Benfica, contributing significantly to their success.
Eusébio's legacy extends beyond his playing career, as he continues to be celebrated for his impact on the sport and remains an iconic figure in Portuguese and international football history. He passed away in 2014, but his influence on the game endures.
Eusébio spent the majority of his illustrious career with Benfica in Lisbon, where he achieved numerous successes. With Benfica, he won the European Cup (now known as the UEFA Champions League) in 1962 and secured eleven Portuguese championship titles.
In recognition of his exceptional performance during the 1964-1965 season, Eusébio received the prestigious Golden Ball award, recognizing him as the best European soccer player of the year.
During the 1966 FIFA World Cup, Eusébio's talent shone brightly. He scored an impressive nine goals and was honored as the top scorer of the tournament. His contributions were crucial in guiding the Portuguese national team to a third-place finish, marking a historic achievement for Portuguese football on the international stage. Eusébio's impact and success during this World Cup further solidified his status as one of the greatest footballers in the world.
After concluding his soccer career, including a stint in North America, Eusébio continued to make a significant impact as an ambassador for the Benfica Club of Lisbon. His global travels served to promote the club and the sport.
Eusébio passed away on January 5, 2014, due to a cardiorespiratory arrest. His death had a profound impact on Portugal, prompting the Portuguese government to declare three days of national mourning in honor of the football legend.
In a tribute to his enduring legacy, Eusébio's remains were transferred to the National Pantheon on July 3, 2015. The ceremony was attended by prominent figures from both the state and Portuguese soccer, commemorating his extraordinary contributions to the sport and his status as a national icon. The National Pantheon is a revered resting place for figures of great importance in Portuguese history and culture.
Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro, commonly known as CR7, was born in 1985 in Funchal, Madeira Islands. Regarded as one of the greatest soccer players in history, he shares the distinction with Lionel Messi of having won the Ballon d'Or five times. With an impressive career tally of over 800 goals, Cristiano Ronaldo holds the official record as the highest-scoring player in the history of soccer.
Throughout his career, Ronaldo has showcased exceptional skills, athleticism, and goal-scoring prowess. His versatility, goal-scoring consistency, and numerous individual awards have contributed to his status as one of the most celebrated and accomplished footballers globally. Cristiano Ronaldo has achieved success at various top clubs, including Sporting Lisbon, Manchester United, Real Madrid, and Juventus, leaving an indelible mark on the sport.
Cristiano Ronaldo, born into a family of four children, spent much of his early years playing soccer in the Santo Antonio neighborhood of Funchal. He commenced his formal football journey at the age of eight with the club FC Andorinha. By 1995, at the age of 10, he joined Clube Desportivo Nacional for one season before being transferred for a modest sum of 2,200 euros (!) to Sporting Clube de Portugal. He then joined the club's training center, where he spent six seasons in the junior ranks.
Ronaldo made his debut in the Portuguese professional league with Sporting Clube de Portugal on September 29, 2002, at the age of seventeen, scoring two goals in the game.
His breakthrough moment came at the age of 18 on August 6, 2003, when Sporting hosted Manchester United. Ronaldo's outstanding performance led to a 3-1 victory for Sporting. Shortly thereafter, he signed for Manchester United for 15 million euros.
While at Manchester United, Ronaldo achieved significant individual recognition. On December 2, 2008, he won his first Golden Ball, becoming the third Portuguese player after Eusebio and Luis Figo to receive the honor. He was also named FIFA's best player of the year in 2008 and won the Club World Cup with his team.
In 2009, Real Madrid secured Ronaldo's services for a record-breaking sum of 94 million euros, making it the most expensive transfer in the history of soccer.
The year 2016 was a standout period for Cristiano Ronaldo. On May 28, he won his third Champions League title and finished the season with more than 50 goals for the sixth consecutive time. On July 10, he led the Portuguese national team to victory in Euro 2016 at the Stade de France in Paris, marking a historic achievement for both Ronaldo and Portuguese football.
Cristiano Ronaldo earned the reputation of being a true "goal machine," dedicating himself wholeheartedly to his sport, rigorous training, and his family. After his successful stints in Portugal, England, and Spain, he moved to Italy and played for Juventus in Turin for three years.
In a remarkable return to the club where he first gained international acclaim, Ronaldo made a triumphant comeback to Manchester United. His decision to rejoin the club that played a pivotal role in his early career sparked immense excitement among fans and added another chapter to his storied football journey.
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The assassins are pursued and some of them are captured. The King will demand that their hearts be torn out of their chests while he witnesses the scene at a banquet.
A new funeral was then organized for Ines. They will be celebrated in the Monastery of Alcobaça where two splendid tombs will be built. Peter will join Ines in 1367.
Tomb of Ines de Castro, Monastère d'Alcobaça
Their tombs, side by side, were moved several times before being placed face to face. According to the legend, they will be able to look into each other's eyes when they wake up for the last judgment.
The Spanish, Portuguese and Italians were the first to charter ships to discover new trade routes to India and China. The French and Dutch soon joined them to avoid the creation of monopolies in maritime trade.
In Portugal, explorations began very early. As early as 1325, King Alfonso IV of Portugal encouraged maritime trade and launched the first expeditions. But it was not until 1414 and the capture of Ceuta in Morocco that the Portuguese embarked on major explorations intended to compete with the commercial land routes through the Sahara.
In less than a century, the entire globe was covered by new maritime routes. More than 50 Portuguese navigators distinguished themselves in their discoveries, but history will mainly remember the names of Henry the Navigator, Bartolomeu Dias, Vasco de Gama and Magellan.
Henry was born a Portuguese prince, the third son of King John I of Portugal. In 1414, his father entrusted him with the conquest of Ceuta (Morocco) in order to stop the harassment of the Portuguese coast by Moorish pirates. Once the city was taken, Henry discovered all the riches that had arrived in Ceuta from the trade routes of the Sahara.
Back in Portugal, he established himself in 1416 on the peninsula of Sagres and did not stop concentrating all the maritime knowledge of the time. A school of geography and navigation was created under the aegis of Jehuda Cresques, the best cartographer of the time.
The port of Lagos was transformed into a shipbuilding center and was equipped with an observatory that perfected the sails of the caravels and contributed to the progress in the art of navigation.
Appointed Governor of the Order of Christ, the name of the Order of the Temple (Templars) in Portugal in 1420, he now has access to the necessary financial resources. The great explorations can begin and Henry sends his first ships.
From 1452 onwards, gold arrived in large quantities by this maritime route and the first Portuguese cruzados minted competed with the Italian ducats and became an accepted currency in the Christian and Muslim world.
In 1460, Henri died in Sagres, without descendants, having never sailed and never having made any discoveries by himself.
Less than 30 years after his death, benefiting from all the discoveries and techniques developed by Henri, Bartolomeu Dias passed the Cape of Good Hope, Vasco de Gama reached India and Christopher Columbus, influenced by the success of the Portuguese, discovered America.
Bartolomeu Dias is the son of Dinis Dias, one of the captains of Henry the navigator who first passed Cape Verde.
As a young man, he studied mathematics and astronomy but very soon, King John 2 of Portugal entrusted him with the task of pursuing explorations along the African coast in order to establish a route to India, as the land routes were now in Turkish hands after the capture of Constantinople.
In 1487, he passed the current Namibia, the southernmost point mentioned on the maps of the previous expeditions. Continuing southward, he was caught in a violent storm and wandered in the Atlantic Ocean for 13 days.
Taking advantage of the Antarctic winds and sailing northeast, he reached the coast 800 km east of the Cape of Good Hope, which he passed on the high seas without realizing it.
Wishing to continue his route to India and therefore to the East, he informed the crews of his 3 ships who revolted and demanded the return to Portugal by the West. He thus crossed the Cape of Good Hope from East to West.
Back in Lisbon in 1488, marked by these 13 days of wandering in the Atlantic, he named this cape the Cape of Storms, but King John II named it the Cape of Good Hope, hoping that this discovery would finally open the road to India.
In 1497, Bartolomeu Dias accompanied Vasco de Gama on his voyage of discovery of the Indies. In 1500, he travels with Pedro Alvares Cabral on the famous voyage that will make him take possession of Brazil.
Continuing its route to India, it was again caught in a storm near the Cape of Good Hope and, this time, disappeared at sea.
Vasco da Gama was born in Sines into the Portuguese nobility. As a young man, he went to Evora to study mathematics, astronomy and navigation. In 1480, he joined his father in the Order of Santlago de l'Epée whose master was the future King of Portugal: John II of Portugal.
Vasco de Gama
In 1492, Vasco de Gama, sent on a mission by the King to Setúbal, seized the French ships moored there in retaliation for exactions committed in Portuguese waters.
In 1497, the king entrusted him with 4 ships and 200 men with the mission of definitively establishing the maritime route to the Indies. He took a course that led him off the coast of Brazil and then reached the African coast following the trading posts established by Bartolomeu Dias. He crossed the Cape of Good Hope and landed in May 1498 on the beach of Kappad in India.
His voyage, if it makes it possible to establish the connection towards India, is a commercial failure. The Zamorin of Calicut (City State of India) refused him the commercial advantages he asked for. He had to leave three months later, taking hostages to guarantee his safety.
On his return, he was nevertheless covered with honors, recognized as the discoverer of the maritime route to India and named Admiral of India by the King.
In 1502, he left Portugal with a fleet of 20 ships full of goods. This expedition will be violent with the assault of ships, the murder of pilgrims traveling to Mecca and the bombardment of the port of Calicut. In spite of this, the Zamorin of Calicut did not submit, the Christians of the Indies promised by Vasco da Gama remained untraceable and the hope of finding the Kingdom of the Priest John disappeared.
This voyage marked the beginning of the Portuguese colonial empire, which displeased King Manuel I who condemned the nobility who favored mercantilism over the Christian mission. Vasco de Gama entered into disgrace.
This disgrace lasted 20 years until the new King of Portugal, John III, appointed him Viceroy of the Indies. In 1524, he undertook his third voyage but died shortly after his arrival.
Fernando de Magellan was born in 1480 in Porto, into a family of the Portuguese nobility. At an early age, his father obtained his admission to the court of Queen Eleanor of Viseu where he was taught navigation and astronomy.
Appointed as a pensioner of the king's household on the fleet of Francisco de Almeida, he left Lisbon in 1505 for the Indies. He took part in various battles and engaged in the pepper trade before returning to Lisbon in 1513.
A few months later, he was sent to Morocco as part of the Portuguese troops in charge of seizing Azemmour. Accused of illegal trade with the Moors, and unhappy that his trade projects were not recognized, he asked his King to release him from his obligations.
He then decided to offer his services to the King of Spain, the young Charles V who was only 18 years old at the time. Magellan proposed to the young King to open the spice route from the West, which would allow him to establish a new trade route without damaging relations with his Portuguese neighbors, who were sailing to the East.
A fleet of 5 ships is entrusted to Magellan. This fleet left Seville on August 10, 1519. The crews were made up of Spaniards but also Portuguese, Italians, Greeks and French.
Of the 237 men who made up these crews, only 35 survived to complete the first world tour.
The main events that take place during these 3 years of expedition are the following:
15.08.1519: The fleet of 5 ships and 237 men of crew leaves the port of Seville.
13.12.1519: After a brief stop in the Canary Islands, the fleet disembarked in the bay of Santa Lucia in Brazil, today known as Rio de Janeiro.
31.03.1520: In his attempt to bypass South America, surprised by the cold, Magellan decided to winter in Argentina in Puerto San Julián.
01.04.1520 : Doubting the existence of a passage to the West and their chances of survival in the southern cold, part of the fleet mutinies. Magellan nevertheless kept control of the situation and after a few fights sentenced 40 sailors to death. The sentence was not carried out because it would have jeopardized the continuation of the voyage.
03.05.1520: Magellan decided to send one of his ships in recognition but the Santiago was wrecked. Three months later, Magellan decided to resume his route towards the south with the 4 remaining ships.
28.11.1520: Magellan, at the head of the 3 remaining ships enters the Pacific Ocean. Magellan did not underestimate the immensity of this ocean, on the other hand, to his great surprise, it is empty. In fact, by lack of chance, he will never cross one of the numerous islands which are present there.
06.03.1521: After 4 months of navigation, reached by the scurvy, close to the famine, the 3 ships reach the Marianas where the crews can disembark and refuel after having been plundered by the natives come to their meeting.
27.04.1521: Magellan moved his 3 ships to the island of Cebu where the King willingly converted to Christianity with his people. His neighbor, the King of the island of Mactan refused to submit. Magellan then undertook an expedition during which he succumbed to a wound caused by a poisoned arrow.
02.05.1521: It is from now on Juan Sebastian Elcano who commands the expedition but only 113 men are still alive and valid what is insufficient to handle 3 ships. The commander then resigns himself to burn the Concepcion. The 2 other ships take the wide.
08.11.1521: The 2 ships landed on the shores of the Moluccan islands known to the Portuguese for more than 15 years. The ships were loaded with spices but only the Victoria left the anchorage. The Trinidad, victim of a leak, was forced to stay on site for repairs.
06.09.1521: Under the command of Elcano, the Victoria docked in Sanlucar de Barrameda in Spain after crossing the Indian Ocean and rounding the Cape of Good Hope. Only 18 men were on board, the stopovers in the Portuguese trading posts having taken their toll of prisoners.
Some crewmen will join Seville, freed by the Portuguese or embarked on the Trinidad, bringing to 35 the number of surviving men of this first world tour.
The Victoria was the first ship to complete a full circumnavigation of the globe, but the expedition was an economic disaster, the political benefits were almost nil, and the route to the Indies via the west was abandoned.
It will be necessary to wait 58 years and Francis Drake so that a 2nd turn of the world is carried out borrowing the Strait of Magellan to join the Pacific Ocean.
Only the piercing of the Panama Canal in 1914 will bring a satisfactory solution to the passage from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean.
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But, beyond these tourist places, Lisbon abounds in unusual places where history, industry, landscapes, modern art are mixed in an improbable way... I propose you to discover some of them.
The Convento do Carmo (Carmelite Convent) was the main church of the capital, Lisbon, when it collapsed in the 1755 earthquake. It was never rebuilt and its spectacular ruins are still present and preserved in the city center.
The convent and its adjoining church were built between 1389 and 1423 in a gothic style very similar to that of the Monastery of Batalha under construction at the same time (also partially in ruins preserved)
Partially destroyed in 1755 and never rebuilt, this complex was later completed with a new wing that does not concern itself with the original style.
This new building was occupied by the Carmelite Brothers until their expulsion in 1934 along with all religious orders. It was in this building that the President of the Council, Marcelo Caetano, took refuge during the Carnation Revolution in 1974.
Today, the facade of the church remains, but the rose window which overhung it has been destroyed. Further back, the roof of the nave is missing, leaving the walls and the pointed arches that supported it exposed.
The Panorâmico de Monsanto is an abandoned building that offers a unique view of the whole city of Lisbon and its surroundings. Once a discotheque, an office, a warehouse... it is as a panoramic restaurant that this place has remained in the memory of the Lisbon people.
Commissioned in 1961 by the Lisbon City Council, the Panorâmico, designed by architect Chaves da Costa, opened in 1968 as a luxurious restaurant with a dreamy view of the city of Lisbon.
From the beginning, the building suffered from design and structural problems that prevented the kitchen from functioning properly. From then on, it could only be used as a venue for a few parties and banquets.
Many attempts to reconvert the building were made between 1985 and 2001: in turn hotel, nightclub ... it even housed a maze game for children and a dog training center.
In 2001, it is abandoned and is only visited by curious people, some tourists and urban photo hunters.
In 2017, however, the Lisbon City Council was concerned about the place, the rubble was removed, protections were arranged but the structure was left as is.
The building now hosts performance art, urban murals and sometimes exhibits sculptures. Notable pieces are AkaCorleone's stained glass or pieces by urban artists such as Vihls, Tamara Alves, Add Fuel or Wasted Rita.
The view from the Panoramic Monsanto lookout allows you to see points as far away as the airport, the Águas Livres aqueduct, the 25 de Abril bridge, São Julião da Barra and several places on the south bank of the Tagus, from Alcochete to Trafaria.
A Feira da Ladra is a flea market held on Tuesdays and Saturdays in Lisbon in the Campo de Santa Clara neighborhood near the Alfama, behind the São Vicente de Fora monastery.
It is a market that originated in the Middle Ages, in 1272 to be precise, whose name, translated into French, is "Le marché de la voleuse". This fair was held in various places in the city until it was finally settled in this area.
Traditionally dedicated to the trade of used objects, you will find various indescribable old things. But if you look a little, you may be lucky enough to find antique tiles, antiques and handicrafts.
Located underground in the Príncipe Real garden, the Patriarchal Reservoir, also known as the D. Pedro V Square Reservoir, was designed in 1856 as part of the Lisbon water supply project by French engineer Louis-Charles Mary.
The reservoir was built between 1860 and 1864 to supply the lower part of Lisbon. Its octagonal shape coincides with that of the polygon represented by the iron balustrade that surrounds the lake above the reservoir, in the center of the Príncipe Real garden.
The tank, originally fed by the Águas Livres aqueduct, was built of stone masonry, its main function being to regulate the pressure between the Arco reservoir (on Rua das Amoreiras) and the sewage system of the lower part of the city.
The thirty-one pillars of 9.25 meters wide support the stone arches, which in turn support the vaults. The vaults are supported by a basin (lake) with a fountain. Both the lake and the fountain were intended to aerate the water before it entered the reservoir.
The Patriarchal Reservoir was deactivated in the late 1940s. Since 1994, it has been integrated into the Museum and visits are free.
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In fact, it is a succession of events that affected that year 1917 in Fátima and that are at the origin of one of the greatest places of Catholic pilgrimage today.
On May 13, 1917, three young shepherds between 7 and 10 years old returned from the fields outside the hamlet of Aljustrel and claimed to have seen a Lady dressed in white.
This "Lady" would have asked them to recite the rosary every day to obtain peace in the world and the end of the war and then to return to the same place, at the same time on the 13th of the following month.
The news spread quickly and this apparition was very quickly associated with the Virgin Mary, but there were many skeptics, both among the population and the clergy, who took a dim view of this apparition.
On June 13, 1917, the children were at the rendezvous accompanied by 50 curious people who wanted to see the phenomenon. The Virgin Mary appeared again to the children, recommended devotion to the "Immaculate Heart of Mary", announced the imminent death of two of them and asked one of them to learn to read and write in order to better carry her word to men.
The 3 children are the only ones to perceive the apparition, none of the 50 people present will notice any phenomenon.
On July 13, 1917, the children were again present, this time accompanied by more than 2,000 people. The 3 children were always alone in perceiving the apparition, only a few people present admitted to having noticed the presence of a small white cloud above the apparition site.
It is this day that the Virgin would have entrusted to the children the 3 secrets of Fátima. One of the children, Lucia, then asked the Virgin to cause a miracle in order to be believed by the population. The Virgin promised her a miracle on October 13, which was the subject of much criticism throughout the country.
On August 13, 1917, it is, this time, more than 5,000 people who are at the rendezvous near what is now called the oak of the apparitions. But the children were not there, they had been taken to Ourèm for interrogation and then locked up for disturbing the peace.
This time, the people present noticed unexplained meteorological phenomena: luminous lightning and a cloud that was positioned on the oak tree where the apparitions were taking place. Under the pressure of the crowd, the 3 children are released and the Virgin will appear to them on August 19th promising them again a miracle for October 13th.
On September 13, 1917, more than 10,000 people were present at the oak tree during the apparitions and, once again, the same meteorological phenomena were observed. The Virgin repeated her promise of a miracle on October 13.
On October 13, 1917, a compact crowd of more than 50,000 people crowded near what remained of the apparition oak tree, which had been stripped to make relics. The three children arrived at the site on a rainy day and one of the children asked the crowd to close their umbrellas in spite of the downpour.
The miracle of the sun, that day, will be the subject of a quantity of press articles often very critical or ironic and at best reserved and cautious.
This was a time of repression for civil society and the political world, which went so far as to ban all pilgrimages to Fatima, and a time of investigation for the religious world and the clergy, which led to the official recognition of the apparitions of Fatima and the approval of the cult of Our Lady of Fatima on 13 October 1930.
It was during the third apparition, on July 13, 1917, that Our Lady revealed the three parts of the secret of Fatima to the three children, asking them at the same time not to reveal them immediately.
Lucia (Lúcia dos Santos), the holder of the secret, revealed the first two parts publicly in 1941 on the occasion of the publication of her Memoir on the apparitions. The third part was written on a letter in 1944, given to the bishop of Leiria (Portugal) and then transmitted to the Vatican's secret archives in 1957 after Lucia's approval and the commitment not to open it before 1960. It was not publicly revealed until 2000.
It is this third part and the secrecy surrounding it that will give rise to all the suppositions, fantasies and elucidations. So what about it?
In fact, these three parts of the same revelation remain rather obscure and require interpretation. These interpretations have been numerous, often different and sometimes contested.
The first part of the secret of Fátima was a revelation of a horrible vision of hell with a supplication that could be translated as :
"You have seen the hell to which the souls of poor sinners go. To save them, God wants to establish in the world devotion to my Immaculate Heart. If we do what I am going to tell you, many souls will be saved and there will be peace "
The second part of the secret of Fatima concerns Russia and its consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary and a warning that could be translated as follows:
"If my requests are accepted, Russia will be converted and we will have peace. If not, she will spread her errors throughout the world, provoking wars and persecutions against the Church. The good ones will be martyred, the Holy Father will have much to suffer, various nations will be destroyed. In the end, my Immaculate Heart will triumph. The Holy Father will consecrate Russia to me and it will be converted, and the world will be granted a certain time of peace. ".
The third part of the secret of Fátima is presented as a disturbing allegorical vision :
"We saw various other bishops, priests, religious men and women climb a steep mountain, on top of which there was a large cross made of rough trunks, as if they were made of cork oak with their bark; before reaching it, the Holy Father passed through a large city half in ruins and, half trembling, with a wavering step, afflicted with suffering and pain, he prayed for the souls of the corpses he found on his way; When he reached the top of the mountain, prostrated on his knees at the foot of the great cross, he was killed by a group of soldiers who fired several shots with a gun and arrows; and in the same way bishops and priests, religious men and women and various laymen and women of different classes and social categories died one after the other ."
If the first 2 parts, in spite of many different interpretations, did not pose any problem, it is not the same for the 3rd part.
The controversies are numerous and concern the authenticity of the message unveiled by the Vatican, the completeness of the message made public, whether it is outdated or not, its different interpretations, and even the existence of a fourth part.
The children, witnesses of the apparitions of the Virgin, were 3: Lúcia de Jesus dos Santos and her 2 cousins: Francisco Marto and Jacinta Marto. In fact, only Lúcia sees and hears the Virgin and dialogues with her. Jacinta sees and hears their words but does not dialogue, while Francisco sees without hearing. In the second apparition, on June 13, 1917, Our Lady announced to Lúcia that her cousins would soon die.
Jacinta was struck by the Spanish flu in December 1918. She died alone in a Lisbon hospital on February 20, 1920, at the age of 9, after long suffering from pleurisy and not being able to be anaesthetized because of heart problems.
She will be canonized on May 13, 2017 in Fatima, by Pope Francis, on the occasion of the centenary of the apparitions and after Pope John Paul 2 said of her that she offered herself heroically as a victim for the conversion of sinners.
After being buried in the cemetery of Vila Nova d'Ourém, her remains were moved several times before being transferred to the Basilica of Fátima.
Francisco was also stricken by the Spanish flu in December 1918. He died on April 4, 1919, at the age of 10, after several relapses and remissions without ever having stopped reciting several rosaries a day.
He was buried in the parish cemetery without his sister, too weak, being able to attend the funeral. In 1952 his remains will be transferred to the Basilica of Fátima and he will be canonized, along with his sister, on May 13, 2017 in Fatima, by Pope Francis.
Lúcia is the only one of the 3 shepherds who declared to have seen and heard the Virgin and to have spoken with her in 1917. In 1921, she began to receive a religious education in Porto and then entered the Convent of Tui in Spain and took her vows in 1934 and received the name of Sister Maria das Dores (Mary of Sorrows).
In 1948, she returned to Portugal and entered the Carmelite convent of Saint Teresa in Coimbra where she remained until her death in 2005 at the age of 97.
In 2017, the diocesan investigation for her beatification was forwarded to Rome, which is awaiting official recognition of a miracle to complete the beatification process.
Before 1917, Fátima was just another village in central Portugal. After the apparitions of the Virgin Mary, Fátima immediately became a place of pilgrimage.
The chapel of the apparitions was built by the inhabitants of the town as early as 1919 and the construction of an accommodation for pilgrims was undertaken in 1921.
It was not until 1927 and the beginning of the recognition of the events of Fatima by the Church that the cult of Our Lady of Fatima was officially authorized and the construction of a sanctuary and a church (the Church of Lady of the Rosary) was decided upon.
Today, more than 5 million pilgrims set out on foot from the various towns and villages of Portugal and arrive at the sanctuary after several days of walking.
The 3 main current facilities are the esplanade, the colonnade that surrounds the Basilica of Lady of the Rosary
Esplanade Fátima
But there is also the Basilica of the Holy Trinity inaugurated in 2007 which is the 4th largest Catholic church in the world.
The stalls of fish shops are full of them, the menus of restaurants all include a cod dish, and cod preserved in salt can be found in every market and supermarket in the country.
It is quite simple, the Portuguese are the largest consumers of salted cod in the world with 20% of the world's cod consumed in Portugal, an average of 35 kg per person per year!
But, why do the Portuguese have such a fascination for the Bacalhau? What is the history of this fish that has become a real Portuguese specialty? We tell you everything about the Portuguese cod.
Cod is a fish originally discovered by the Vikings, who caught it in abundance in the cold seas of the Nordic countries. But it was during the Portuguese Great Discoveries that salted cod became an interesting food.
The story begins with the Venetian Giovanni Cabotto, renamed "John Cabot" by the English, who, exploring the coasts of Newfoundland and Nova Scotia, discovered cod in great quantities, "so many cod that one could walk on the sea".
Cod are easy to catch. It bites on any hook without bait and has an amazing fecundity. Once dried or salted, its conservation is exceptional. All this propelled the cod to the rank of "great international food raw material". And above all, the most strategic foodstuff of the great maritime expeditions.
We know the history of the Great Discoveries of the Portuguese navigators and we understand how the cod found its way from Newfoundland to the port of Lisbon.
The cod consumed in Portugal was therefore mostly imported until the 20th century. In 1920, the Companhia Portuguesa de Pesca (Portuguese Fishing Company) was founded in Lisbon by four small trawler owners and the expansion of the Bacalhau went hand in hand with the growth of the fishing industry.
But the sector is disorganized and the company is not sufficient to meet the country's needs.
During the Estado Novo, Salazar centralized the organization of cod fishing with the objective of acquiring food sovereignty for the country. In 1934, the Codfish Campaign was launched with the aim of making codfish the national foodstuff to counteract famine.
This is how cod became a source of nutrients easily transported throughout the country, from north to south, and became deeply rooted in the culinary identity of Portugal, still sometimes called today "the meat of the poor". It is a perfect accompaniment to potatoes and Portuguese cabbage, which were very popular during the dictatorship.
During your trip to Portugal, whether in the Douro, Lisbon or the Algarve, you will see that Bacalhau can be eaten with all kinds of sauces, and especially with all kinds of cooking!
Here are 5 Portuguese cod specialties that you should try when you come to Lusitania.
This is the most popular Portuguese cod recipe in the country. There is not a restaurant in Lisbon that does not offer this traditional Portuguese dish and we urge you to try it, why not accompanied by a little fado.
Bacalhau à Brás originated in Lisbon, and is said to have been created by a tavern owner in Bairro Alto, named "Brás". This simple typical dish is made with crumbled bacalhau, onions and fried matchsticks, mixed with beaten eggs. Black olives and coriander decorate the dish.
Bacalhau cozido "cooked cod" is the traditional Portuguese Christmas dish. The cod is cooked and presented at the table with hard-boiled eggs, chickpeas, cabbage and potatoes and drizzled with olive oil.
As we said, Portuguese cod can be cooked in all its forms. Here, the bacalhau assado "grilled cod" is a cod cooked in the oven, served in cobblestones with potatoes cooked in the oven, the whole, always sprinkled with olive oil.
Cod with cream. This is a delicious combination of cream and béchamel sauce that is incorporated into a mixture of cod, potatoes and sautéed onion. A crust of grated cheese au gratin covers the dish, making it even more delicious!
The famous cod acras! Unavoidable during Portuguese aperitifs, pastéis de Bacalhau are small fried cod and potato fritters.
Of course, Bacalhau is also available in canned form in different recipes:
A very simple recipe with olive oil and garlic. To be enjoyed on toast rubbed with garlic and accompanied by a glass of Vinho Verde .
Baclahau á Portuguesa Tricana - Luisa Paixão Collection
Simply cod, dipped in organic olive oil and canned. To be enjoyed with some steamed potatoes and a glass of Portuguese beer.
Paté de Bacalhau Cantara - Luisa Paixão collection
Don't limit yourself to cod and discover the widest collection of Portuguese seafood preserves in the online store by clicking on the picture below.
]]>Tea, used as a beverage, would have appeared in 2737 BC. According to the legend, tea leaves were detached from a tree and fell into the boiling water intended to quench Emperor Shennong's thirst.
However, the first known signs of tea consumption appear in China towards the end of Antiquity on a text dated 59 B.C. describing its medicinal virtues.
Originally, tea was used to scent the water that was boiled before drinking it, but it was quickly appreciated for its therapeutic virtues and was said to relieve fatigue, strengthen the will and improve eyesight.
Tea became a daily drink in China during the Three Kingdoms in the 3rd century.
In 1513, the Portuguese landed for the first time in Macao but it was not until 1553 that a trading post and its first buildings were installed, thus opening up the trade routes between Europe, China, India and Japan. Tea was one of the first goods imported via these routes.
In 1615, a century later, we find the first document mentioning the tea trade between China and Europe under the aegis of English merchants.
It is from 1662, date which corresponds to the marriage of the king of England Charles II and the Portuguese princess Catherine of Braganza, that the habit of taking tea becomes popular in Europe.
Tea appeared in São Miguel (the largest island of the Azores) at the beginning of the 19th century, but it was in 1874 that its cultivation was organized under the impetus of Jose do Canto (a large Portuguese landowner and botanist) helped by two Chinese from Macau that he invited.
Tea plantation in Azores - Credit Discover Azores
It is on the Portuguese islands of the Azores and more particularly on the island of São Miguel that the only European teas are cultivated today. This particularity is due to the geographical position of the Azores and to the quality of their soil. Indeed, the tea plant likes hot and humid climates as well as acid and clay soils.
It is on the island of São Miguel that there are two unique plantations in Europe: The plantation "Gorreana" and the plantation "Porto Formoso".
These two plantations have only a few acres of land and, as a result, the teas produced are rare teas.
The Gorreana plantation, for example, covers only 32 acres and produces only about 40 tons of tea per year. By comparison, China produces over 2.3 million tons of tea per year and India 1.2 million tons.
Gorreana Plantation - Credit byacores
These teas are also rare because they are cultivated on an island located in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean, 1500 km west of Lisbon, protected from any pollution. Their cultivation does not use herbicides, pesticides or fungicides that are harmful to health and disastrous for the subtle taste of tea.
Finally, their artisanal production method, based on a limited harvest from April to September, uses neither coloring nor preservatives.
In the online store Luisa Paixão, you will find a selection of the best teas from the Azores.
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